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In recent years, the study of active particles has become one of the important topics concerned by researchers in many fields, among which the phase separation of active chiral particles has important theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the phase separation of binary mixed systems composed of active chiral particles with different diffusion coefficients is studied by Langevin dynamics. A smaller relative diffusion coefficient is conducive to the formation of large clusters and the separation of “cold” particles, while a larger relative diffusion coefficient will weaken the separation effect. Due to the influence of particle characteristics (self-driven velocity, self-rotational angular velocity) and relative diffusion coefficient on the collision between particles, if one wants the “cold” and “hot” particles to reach phase separation, increasing (or reducing) the self-driven velocity and self-rotational angular velocity cannot be synchronous, and the relative rate of change of self-driven velocity is smaller than that of the self-rotational angular velocity. By analyzing the changes of the effective diffusion coefficient of “cold” particles, the phenomenon of phase separation in the system can be better explained. A smaller effective diffusion coefficient means that the “cold” particles will aggregate into larger clusters, and the system may exhibit phase separation. However, when the effective diffusion coefficient is larger, the diffusion of “cold” particles is stronger and the “cold” particles will not form large clusters, which means that the system cannot aggregate into phase separation. In addition, with the filling rate of particle increasing, the proportion curve of the number of cold particles in maximum cold particle cluster undergoes a non-monotonic change, specifically, it first increases and then decreases. Each curve has an optimal filling rate but its width is different .With the increase of the relative diffusion coefficient and self-driven velocity, the width of the optimal filling rate of the proportion curve will become narrower and shift toward the right.
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Keywords:
- active particles /
- chirality /
- Langevin equation /
- diffusion coefficient
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图 1 三种不同系统中粒子的相分离(Ncold = Nhot = N/2 = 150, D = DTL/DTH = 0.001) (a)被动粒子系统(v0 = 0, ω = 0); (b)自驱动粒子系统(v0 = 0.1, ω = 0); (c)自驱动粒子系统(v0 = 1, ω = 0); (d)活性手征粒子系统(v0 = 1, ω = 10)
Figure 1. Phase separation of particles in three different systems (Ncold = Nhot = N/2 = 150, D = DTL/DTH = 0.001): (a) The system of passive particles (v0 = 0, ω = 0); (b) the system of self-driven particles (v0 = 0.1, ω = 0); (c) the system of self-driven particles (v0 = 1, ω = 0); (d) the system of active chiral particles (v0 = 1, ω = 10).
图 2 不同的v0和ω时“冷”粒子最大团簇粒子数占比P随相对扩散系数D的变化曲线
Figure 2. The proportion P of “cold” particle in the largest cluster as a function of the relative diffusion coefficient D for different values of v0 and ω.
图 3 不同的v0和ω时“冷”粒子的有效扩散系数DeffL随相对扩散系数D的变化曲线
Figure 3. The effective diffusion coefficient DeffL of “cold” particle as a function of the relative diffusion coefficient D for different values of v0 and ω.
图 4 不同ω和D时“冷”粒子的最大团簇粒子数占比P随自驱动速度的v0变化
Figure 4. The proportion P of “cold” particle in the largest cluster as a function of the self-driven velocity v0 for different values of ω and D .
图 5 不同ω和D时“冷”粒子的有效扩散系数DeffL随自驱动速度的v0变化
Figure 5. The effective diffusion coefficient DeffL of “cold” particle as a function of the self-driven velocity v0 for different value of ω and D .
图 6 不同v0时“冷”粒子的最大团簇粒子数占比P随自转角速度ω的变化(D = 0.001)
Figure 6. The proportion P of “cold” particle in the largest cluster as a function of the self-rotational angular velocity ω for different values of v0 with D = 0.001.
图 7 不同v0时“冷”粒子的有效扩散系数DeffL随自旋角频率ω的变化(D = 0.001)
Figure 7. The effective diffusion coefficient DeffL of “cold” particle as a function of the self-rotational angular velocity ω for different values of v0 with D = 0.001.
图 8 不同D时“冷”粒子的最大团簇粒子数占比P随自转角速度ω的变化(v0 = 0.5)
Figure 8. The proportion P of “cold” particle in the largest cluster as a function of the self-rotational angular velocity ω for different values of D with v0 = 0.5.
图 9 不同D时“冷”粒子的有效扩散系数DeffL随自旋角频率ω的变化(v0 = 0.5)
Figure 9. The effective diffusion coefficient DeffL of “cold” particle as a function of the self-rotational angular velocity ω for different values of D with v0 = 0.5.
图 10 不同v0, ω和D时“冷”粒子的最大团簇粒子数占比P随粒子填充率Φ变化曲线
Figure 10. The proportion P of “cold” particle in the largest cluster as a function of the filling rate of particle for different values of v0, ω and D.
图 11 不同v0, ω和D时“冷”粒子的有效扩散系数DeffL随粒子填充率Φ变化曲线
Figure 11. The effective diffusion coefficient DeffL of “cold” particle as a function of the filling rate of particle for different values of v0, ω and D.
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[1] Ramaswamy S 2010 Ann. Rev. Condens. Matt. Phys. 1 323
Google Scholar
[2] Howse J S, Ebbens S J 2010 Soft Matter 6 726
Google Scholar
[3] Lobaskin V, Romenskyy M 2013 Phys. Rev. E 87 052135
Google Scholar
[4] Edwards A M, Phillips R A, Watkins N W, Freeman M P, Murphy E J, Afanasyev V, Buldyrev S V, da Luz M G, Raposo E P, Stanley H E, Viswanathan G M 2007 Nature 449 1044
Google Scholar
[5] Brambilla M, Ferrante E, Birattari M, Dorigo M 2013 Swarm Intelligence 7 1
Google Scholar
[6] Helbing D 2001 Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 1067
Google Scholar
[7] Marchetti M C, Joanny J F, Ramaswamy S, Liverpool T B, Prost J, Rao M, Simha R A 2013 Rev. Mod. Phys. 85 1143
Google Scholar
[8] Wang J, Gao W 2012 ACS Nano 6 5745
Google Scholar
[9] Chen C, Liu S, Shi X Q, Chaté H, Wu Y 2017 Nature 542 210
Google Scholar
[10] Berg H C 2003 Biochem 72 19
[11] Berg H C 2004 Ecoli in Motion (New York: Springer Press) pp39–47
[12] Nishiguchi D, Sano M 2015 Phys. Rev. E 92 052309
[13] Ma X, Hahn K, Sanchez S 2015 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 4976
Google Scholar
[14] Li J, Singh V V, Sattayasamitsathit S, Orozco J, Kaufmann K, Dong R, Gao W, Jurado-Sanchez B, Fedorak Y, Wang J 2014 ACS Nano 8 11118
Google Scholar
[15] Abdelmohsen L K, Peng F, Tu Y, Wilson D A 2014 J. Mater. Chem. B 2 2395
Google Scholar
[16] Vlope G, Gigan S, Volpe G 2014 Am. J. Phys. 82 659
Google Scholar
[17] Bechinger C, Di Leonardo R, Löwen H, Reichhardt C, Volpe G, Volpe G 2016 Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 045006
Google Scholar
[18] Ai B Q, Shao Z G, Zhong W R 2018 soft matter 14 4388
Google Scholar
[19] 张何朋, 施夏清, 杨明成 2022 物理 51 217
Google Scholar
Zhang H P, Shi X Q, Yang M C 2022 Physics 51 217
Google Scholar
[20] Cates M E, Tailleur J 2015 Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 6 219
Google Scholar
[21] Fily Y, Marchetti M C 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 235702
Google Scholar
[22] Redner G S, Hagan M F, Baskaran A 2013 Biophys. J. 104 640a
Google Scholar
[23] Speck T, Bialké J, Menzel A M, Löwen H 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 218304
Google Scholar
[24] 夏益祺, 谌庄琳, 郭永坤 2019 68 161101
Google Scholar
Xia Y Q, Shen Z L, Guo Y K 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 161101
Google Scholar
[25] Kaiser A, Popowa K, Wensink H H, Lowen H 2013 Phys. Rev. E 88 022311
Google Scholar
[26] Wan M B, Reichhardt C O, Nussinov Z, Reichhardt C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 018102
Google Scholar
[27] Ahuja S 2011 Chiral Separation Methods for Pharmaceutical and Biotechnological Products (Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons Press) p131
[28] Wu J C, Dong T W, Jiang G W, An M, Ai B Q 2020 J. Chem. Phys. 152 034901
Google Scholar
[29] 廖晶晶, 蔺福军 2020 69 220501
Google Scholar
Liao J J, Lin F J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 220501
Google Scholar
[30] Kümmel F P, Shabestari P, Lozano C, Volpe G, Bechinger C 2015 Soft Matter 11 6187
Google Scholar
[31] Zhu W J, Li T C, Zhong W R, Ai B Q 2020 J. Chem. Phys. 152 1849031
[32] Weber S N, Weber C A, Frey E 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 058301
Google Scholar
[33] Kumari S, Nunes A S, Araújo N A, Telo da Gama M M 2017 J. Chem. Phys. 147 174702
Google Scholar
[34] Ai B Q 2017 Phys. Rev. E 96 012131
Google Scholar
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