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The ground-state cooling of mechanical resonator is one of the fundamental problems in cavity quantum photomechanics. The so-called ground-state cooling is to make the number of steady-state phonons of the mechanical resonator less than one. In this paper, we first propose an electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like cooling mechanism in a double-cavity optomechanical system to cool a mechanical resonator. In the double-optical cavity optomechanical system, the right additional cavity, which is directly coupled to a standard optomechanical system, contains an ultra-cold two-level atomic ensemble. By selecting the optimal parameters to meet the cooling process of the mechanical resonator corresponding to the maximum value of the optical fluctuation spectrum and the heating process of the mechanical resonator corresponding to the minimum value of the optical fluctuation spectrum, the mechanical resonator can be cooled by monitoring the phonon number. We also exert the effects of the atomic additional cavity on the quantum Langevin equations and optical fluctuation spectrum. We find that the atomic double-cavity system may have a better ground-state cooling than the double-cavity in certain parameters. To date, the researchers have proposed a number of theoretical cooling schemes in order to achieve the ground-state cooling of mechanical resonator. As far as we know, the sideband cooling for just a standard optomechanical system is a most famous scheme and the mechanical resonator is coupled to the optical field via radiation pressure force. By the quantum theory of mechanical resonator’s sideband cooling, the optical fluctuation spectrum determines the transition rate of both cooling and heating process of the mechanical resonator. That’s to say, the optical fluctuation spectrum at a mechanical resonator frequency ωm is corresponding to the cooling transition, whereas the optical fluctuation spectrum at –ωm is corresponding to the heating transition. They respectively correspond to anti-Stokes and Stokes effect in physics. Under resolvable sideband conditions, the optical field’s decay rate (the half-width of the single Lorentzian peak of optical fluctuation spectrum) is less than the frequency of the mechanical resonator. So, the ground-state cooling of the mechanical resonator can be obtained by making the maximum and minimum value of the optical fluctuation spectrum respectively correspond to the cooling anti-Stokes process and heating Stokes process. In this paper, we mainly observe the electromagnetically-induced-transparency-like ground-state cooling in a double-cavity optomechanical system with an ensemble of two-level atoms. By adjusting the maximum and minimum value of the optical fluctuation spectrum at the position of ω = ωm and ω = –ωm, the mechanical resonator could be cooled down approximately to the ground state. Even when there exists an ensemble of two-level atoms in the right additional cavity, the mechanical resonator can be better cooled than just a cavity. These results may be conducive to the ground-state cooling of the mechanical resonator in the future experiment. -
Keywords:
- double-optical cavity /
- ground state cooling /
- Langevin equation /
- rate equation
[1] Kippenberg T J, Vahala K J 2007 Opt. Express 15 17172
Google Scholar
[2] Aspelmeyer M, Meystre P, Schwab K 2012 Phys. Today 65 29
Google Scholar
[3] Metzger C H, Karrai K 2004 Nature 432 1002
Google Scholar
[4] Machnes S, Cerrillo J, Aspelmeyer M, Wieczorek W, Plenio M B, Retzker A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 153601
Google Scholar
[5] O’Connell A D, Hofheinz M, Ansmann M, Bialczak R C, Lenander M, Lucero E, Neeley M, Sank D, Wang H, Weides M, Wenner J, Martinis J M, Cleland A N 2010 Nature 464 697
Google Scholar
[6] Teufel J D, Donner T, Li D, Harlow J W, Allmanet M S, Cicak K, Sirois A J, Whittaker J D, Lehnert K W, Simmonds R W 2011 Nature 475 359
Google Scholar
[7] Wilson-Rae I, Zoller P, Imamoglu A 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 075507
Google Scholar
[8] Liu Y C, Xiao Y F, Luan X, Wong C W 2013 Phys. Rev.Lett. 110 153606
Google Scholar
[9] Zhu J P, Li G X, Ficek Z 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 033835
Google Scholar
[10] 陈华俊, 米贤武 2011 60 124206
Google Scholar
Chen H J, Mi X W 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 124206
Google Scholar
[11] Wilson-Rae I, Nooshi N, Zwerger W, Kippenberg T J 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 093901
Google Scholar
[12] Marquardt F, Chen J P, Clerk A A, Girvin S M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 093902
Google Scholar
[13] Liu Y C, Luan X, Li H K, Gong Q, Wong C W, Xiao Y F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 213602
Google Scholar
[14] Jing H, Özdemir S K, Lü X Y, Zhang J, Yang L, Nori F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 053604
Google Scholar
[15] Chen H J 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 153102
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang P, Wang Y D, Sun C P 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 097204
Google Scholar
[17] Xia K, Evers J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 227203
Google Scholar
[18] EversJ, Keitel C H 2004 Europhys. Lett. 68 370
Google Scholar
[19] Harris S E 1997 Phys. Today 50 36
Google Scholar
[20] Fleischhauer M, Imamoglu A, Marangos J P 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 633
Google Scholar
[21] Genes C, Ritsch H, Drewsen M, Dantan A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 051801(R)
Google Scholar
[22] 谷开慧, 严冬, 张孟龙, 殷景志, 付长宝 2019 68 054201
Google Scholar
Gu K H, Yan D, Zhang M L, Yin J Z, Fu C B 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 054201
Google Scholar
[23] Grudinin I S, Lee H, Painter O, Vahala K J 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 083901
Google Scholar
[24] Di K, Xie C, Zhang J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 153602
Google Scholar
[25] Gu W J, Li G X 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 025804
Google Scholar
[26] Ojanen T, Børkje K 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 013824
Google Scholar
[27] Giovannetti V, Vitali D 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 023812
Google Scholar
[28] Guo Y J, Li K, Nie W J, Li Y 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 053841
Google Scholar
[29] Garrido Alzar C L, Martinez M A G, Nussenzeig P 2002 Am. J. Phys. 70 37
Google Scholar
[30] AnetsbergerG, Rivière R, Schliesser A, Arcizet O, Kippenberg T J 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 627
Google Scholar
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图 1 可实现的双光腔光力系统的示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an achievable double-cavity optomechanical system.
图 2 双腔间耦合系数J影响下涨落谱
$S\left( \omega \right)$ 随频率$\omega $ 的变化(左腔和右腔的有效失谐和对应的耗散率分别为${\varDelta _1} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ )Figure 2. Fluctuation spectrum
$S\left( \omega \right)$ as a function of the frequency$\omega $ with different double-cavity coupling coefficient J. The effective detunings of the left cavity mode and right cavity mode and the corresponding decay rates are respectively are${\varDelta _1} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ .
图 3 不同衰减率
${\kappa _2}$ 影响下的涨落谱(给定的参数分别为${\varDelta _1} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, J = 2{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ )Figure 3. Optical fluctuation spectrum with different decay rates
${\kappa _2}$ . The given parameters are${\varDelta _1} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, J = 2{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ .
图 4 参数影响下空腔和原子腔涨落谱
$S\left( \omega \right)$ 随频率$\omega $ 的变化(左腔和右腔的有效失谐和对应的耗散率分别为${\varDelta _1} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, \;{\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ; 原子的有效失谐和相干衰减率是${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\gamma _{\rm{a}}} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ; 原子-场耦合系数${g_{\rm{a}}} = 0.62 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ , 原子数$N = {10^8}$ )Figure 4. Optical and atom-optical fluctuation spectrum
$S\left( \omega \right)$ as a function of the frequency$\omega $ under the influence of parameters. The effective detunings of the left cavity mode and right cavity mode and the corresponding decay rates are respectively are${\varDelta _1} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, $ ${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ . The atomic effective detuning and the coherent decay rates are respectively are${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\gamma _a} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ . The atom-field coupling strength is${g_{\rm{a}}} = 0.62 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ . The atomic number is$N = {10^8}$ .
图 5 衰减率
${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ 影响下空腔和原子腔涨落谱(给定的参数分别为${\varDelta _1} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, J =$ $ 2{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ;${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\gamma _{\rm{a}}} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ;${g_{\rm{a}}} \!=\! 0.62 \!\times\! {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}},$ $N \!=\! {10^8}$ )Figure 5. Fluctuation spectrum and atom-optical fluctuation spectrum with given decay rates
${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ . The given parameters are${\varDelta _1} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, \;{\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ , J =$ 2{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$ {\gamma _{\rm{a}}} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ;${g_{\rm{a}}} = 0.62 \!\times\! {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$N \!= \!{10^8}$ 
图 6 冷却速率
${\gamma _{\rm{c}}}$ 在不同衰减率${\kappa _2}$ 影响下随光腔耦合系数J的函数(给定的参数是$g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ , 最优失谐${\varDelta _1}$ 满足(66)式)Figure 6. Cooling rate
${\gamma _c}$ as a function of optical coupling coefficient J in the case of different decay rates${\kappa _2}$ . The given parameters are$g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}},\; {\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}, \;{\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ , and the optimal detuning${\varDelta _1}$ satisfied the Eq. (66).
图 7 参数影响下平均声子数
${n_{\rm{p}}}$ 随最佳光腔耦合系数J的变化(给定的参数是${\omega _{\rm{m}}} \!= \!1.55{\text{π}} \times 20\;{\rm{MHz}}$ ,$ {Q_{\rm{m}}} \!=\! {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} =$ $ 6.2 \times {10^4}, {n_m} = 403 $ ,$g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ , 最优失谐${\varDelta _1}$ 满足(66)式)Figure 7. Mean phonon number
${n_{\rm p}}$ as a function of optical coupling coefficient J. The given parameters are${\omega _{\rm{m}}} \!=\! 1.55{\text{π}} \times $ $20\;{\rm{MHz}},\;{Q_{\rm{m}}} = {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} = 6.2 \times {10^4} $ ,${n_{\rm{m}}} = 403$ ,$g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\kappa _1} \!=\! 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _2} \!=\! 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\varDelta _2} \!=\! - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ , and the optical detuning${\varDelta _1}$ satisfied the Eq. (66).
图 8 平均声子数
${n_{\rm{p}}}$ 随有效初始温度T的变化(给定的参数是${\omega _{\rm{m}}} = 1.55{\text{π}} \times 20\;{\rm{MHz}}$ ,${Q_{\rm{m}}} = {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} = 6.2 \times {10^4} $ ,$J = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,$ g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\varDelta _2} =$ $ - {\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ , 最优失谐${\varDelta _1}$ 满足(66)式)Figure 8. Mean phonon number
${n_{\rm{p}}}$ as a function of effective initial temperature T. The given parameters are${\omega _{\rm{m}}} =$ $ 1.55{\text{π}} \times 20\;{\rm{MHz}} $ ,$ {Q_{\rm{m}}} = {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} = 6.2 \times {10^4} $ ,$ J = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,$ g = 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\kappa _1} = 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}, {\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ and the optical detuning${\varDelta _1}$ satisfied the Eq. (66).
图 9 冷却速率
${\gamma _{\rm{c}}}$ 随最佳光腔耦合系数J的变化(给定的参数是${\omega _{\rm{m}}} = 1.55{\text{π}} \times 20\;{\rm{MHz}}$ ,${Q_{\rm{m}}} = {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} = 6.2 \times {10^4}$ ,${n_{\rm{m}}} \!=\! 403$ ,$g \!=\! 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\kappa _1} \!=\! 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\kappa _2} \!=\! 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\varDelta _1} \!=\! {\varDelta _2} \!=\!$ $ - {\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$ {\gamma _{\rm{a}}} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,$ {g_{\rm{a}}} = 0.62 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,$N = {10^8} $ )Figure 9. Cooling rate
${\gamma _{\rm{c}}}$ as a function of optical coupling coefficient J. The given parameters are${\omega _{\rm{m}}}\! =\! 1.55{\text{π}} \!\times \!20\;{\rm{MHz}}$ ,$ {Q_{\rm{m}}} = {{{\omega _{\rm{m}}}} / {{\gamma _{\rm{m}}}}} = 6.2\! \times \!{10^4} $ ,${n_{\rm{m}}} = 403$ ,$g \!=\! 0.5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\kappa _1} \!=\! 5{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\kappa _2} = 0.05{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$ {\varDelta _1} = {\varDelta _2} = - {\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,${\varDelta _{\rm{a}}} = {\omega _{\rm{m}}} $ ,${\gamma _{\rm{a}}} = 10{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$ {g_{\rm{a}}} = 0.62 \times {10^{ - 4}}{\omega _{\rm{m}}}$ ,$ N = {10^8} $ .
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[1] Kippenberg T J, Vahala K J 2007 Opt. Express 15 17172
Google Scholar
[2] Aspelmeyer M, Meystre P, Schwab K 2012 Phys. Today 65 29
Google Scholar
[3] Metzger C H, Karrai K 2004 Nature 432 1002
Google Scholar
[4] Machnes S, Cerrillo J, Aspelmeyer M, Wieczorek W, Plenio M B, Retzker A 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 153601
Google Scholar
[5] O’Connell A D, Hofheinz M, Ansmann M, Bialczak R C, Lenander M, Lucero E, Neeley M, Sank D, Wang H, Weides M, Wenner J, Martinis J M, Cleland A N 2010 Nature 464 697
Google Scholar
[6] Teufel J D, Donner T, Li D, Harlow J W, Allmanet M S, Cicak K, Sirois A J, Whittaker J D, Lehnert K W, Simmonds R W 2011 Nature 475 359
Google Scholar
[7] Wilson-Rae I, Zoller P, Imamoglu A 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 075507
Google Scholar
[8] Liu Y C, Xiao Y F, Luan X, Wong C W 2013 Phys. Rev.Lett. 110 153606
Google Scholar
[9] Zhu J P, Li G X, Ficek Z 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 033835
Google Scholar
[10] 陈华俊, 米贤武 2011 60 124206
Google Scholar
Chen H J, Mi X W 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 124206
Google Scholar
[11] Wilson-Rae I, Nooshi N, Zwerger W, Kippenberg T J 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 093901
Google Scholar
[12] Marquardt F, Chen J P, Clerk A A, Girvin S M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 093902
Google Scholar
[13] Liu Y C, Luan X, Li H K, Gong Q, Wong C W, Xiao Y F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 213602
Google Scholar
[14] Jing H, Özdemir S K, Lü X Y, Zhang J, Yang L, Nori F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 053604
Google Scholar
[15] Chen H J 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 153102
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang P, Wang Y D, Sun C P 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 097204
Google Scholar
[17] Xia K, Evers J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 227203
Google Scholar
[18] EversJ, Keitel C H 2004 Europhys. Lett. 68 370
Google Scholar
[19] Harris S E 1997 Phys. Today 50 36
Google Scholar
[20] Fleischhauer M, Imamoglu A, Marangos J P 2005 Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 633
Google Scholar
[21] Genes C, Ritsch H, Drewsen M, Dantan A 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 051801(R)
Google Scholar
[22] 谷开慧, 严冬, 张孟龙, 殷景志, 付长宝 2019 68 054201
Google Scholar
Gu K H, Yan D, Zhang M L, Yin J Z, Fu C B 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 054201
Google Scholar
[23] Grudinin I S, Lee H, Painter O, Vahala K J 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 083901
Google Scholar
[24] Di K, Xie C, Zhang J 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 153602
Google Scholar
[25] Gu W J, Li G X 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 025804
Google Scholar
[26] Ojanen T, Børkje K 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 013824
Google Scholar
[27] Giovannetti V, Vitali D 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 023812
Google Scholar
[28] Guo Y J, Li K, Nie W J, Li Y 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 053841
Google Scholar
[29] Garrido Alzar C L, Martinez M A G, Nussenzeig P 2002 Am. J. Phys. 70 37
Google Scholar
[30] AnetsbergerG, Rivière R, Schliesser A, Arcizet O, Kippenberg T J 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 627
Google Scholar
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