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The physical ocean phenomena in the ocean affect the changes of water body, which has an important influence on the sound propagation. A hyperbolic frequency modulation (HFM) signal sound propagation experiment of towed sound source in the East Indian Ocean (EIO) was conducted in summer 2019. The center frequency of the towed sound source is 300 Hz, and the hydrophone receives the data from 4130 m far. This is the first time that we have conducted the underwater acoustic survey in the Indian Ocean. The influence of the physical ocean phenomenon—Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on sound propagation is observed. The experimental data of sound propagation from the IOD are processed and analyzed, the effects of sound source depth and water fluctuation on the deep-sea convergence zone (CZ) are analyzed, and the formation mechanism of sound propagation phenomenon in the experiment is explained theoretically. The results show that the second CZ is not formed under the influence of the warm water mass formed by the IOD and the depth of the sound source in the incomplete deep channel environment of the EIO. Owing to the fluctuation of the sound source depth, the deep-sea CZ disappears at the distance where it should have appeared. When the depth of the sound source becomes deeper, it is easier to form the deep-sea CZ. Under the influence of the IOD, the thermocline fluctuation at the location of the second CZ has an important influence on the formation and location of the third CZ. It is found that the location of the third CZ shifts 2–3 km toward the sound source in the experiment. The research results have important significance in guiding the applications in detection and communication sonar in deep-sea complex environment.
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Keywords:
- sound propagation in deep water /
- Indian Ocean dipole /
- water fluctuation /
- the shift of convergence zone.
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Flatté S M et al. (translated by Gao T F et al. ) 1985 Sound propagation in undulating Ocean (Beijing: Ocean Press) pp115–156 (in Chinese)
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Google Scholar
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Qin J X, Katsnelson B, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Luo W Y 2016 Acta Acust. 41 145
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Ji G H, He L, Zhang Z Z, Gan W M 2021 Acta Acust. 46 1132
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Xiao P 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)
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图 1 实验设备布放示意图
Figure 1. The configuration of the experiment.
图 2 拖曳换能器发射信号间隔示意图
Figure 2. The cycle of the source signals from a towed transducer.
图 3 声传播测线上的海底地形和潜标垂直阵处海水声速剖面
Figure 3. The bathymetry along the propagation track and sound speed profile (SSP) at the VLA.
图 4 中心频率300 Hz的声传播损失实验结果
Figure 4. Experimental TLs along the sound propagation track at the central frequency of 300 Hz.
图 5 声源深度120 m时模型计算的传播损失与实验结果比较 (a)接收深度201 m; (b)接收深度1606 m
Figure 5. Comparison of the experimental and the numerical TLs where the source depth is 120 m at the two different receiver depths: (a) 201 m; (b) 1606 m.
图 6 拖曳声源上温深传感器记录的声源深度及其所在深度海水温度随距离变化
Figure 6. The measured sound depth and temperature by TD on towed transducer along the track during the experiment.
图 7 声源深度分段变化条件下模型计算的传播损失与实验结果比较 (a)接收深度201 m; (b) 接收深度1606 m
Figure 7. Comparison of the experimental and the numerical TLs where the source depth is segmented at the two different receiver depths: (a) 201 m; (b) 1606 m.
图 8 实验期间测量的海水声速剖面随距离深度变化 (a) 全海深范围; (b)深度范围50—180 m
Figure 8. The measured sound speed profile along the track during the experiment: (a) For almost total depth; (b) 50–180 m
图 9 实验期间调查海区测线温度及海面波高数据 (a) 实验海区夏季月平均海表温度数据; (b) 实验海区声传播测线实验当天的平均海表温度数据; (c) XBT实测数据与平均值声速差; (d)实验海区声传播实验当天的海表高度遥感数据
Figure 9. The sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface wave height during the experiment: (a) Monthly SST data in summer; (b) SST data during the experiment; (c) the difference of sound velocity between XBT measured and average value; (d) sea surface wave height during the experiment from remote sensing in CMEMS database.
图 10 模型计算的水平变化声速环境下的声传播损失, 中心频率300 Hz
Figure 10. Numerical TLs from RAM-PE model in the range-dependent environment at the central frequency of 300 Hz.
图 11 水平变化环境下模型计算传播损失与实验结果比较 (a) 接收深度201 m; (b) 接收深度1606 m
Figure 11. Comparison of the experimental and the numerical TLs in segmented source depth and range-dependent environment at the two different receiver depths: (a) 201 m; (b) 1606 m.
图 12 声源深度201 m时的二维声传播损失 (a) 全海深范围; (b) 深度范围50—200 m
Figure 12. Numerical TLs results from RAM-PE model at the source depth of 201 m: (a) For almost total depth; (b) 50–200 m.
图 13 声源深度201 m发射声线到达深度接收120 m时的声线角度散点图
Figure 13. The incidence angle scatter plot of sound rays at the 201 m source depth and 120 m receiver depth
图 14 海水声速剖面对部分出射角度声线轨迹影响比较图 (a)全海深声线图; (b)局部深度放大图
Figure 14. Comparison of the effects in range-dependent and range-independent environment for the rays traces at small grazing angle: (a) For almost total depth; (b) partial enlarged view.
图 15 声速剖面水平不变和水平变化环境下第3会聚区声线图
Figure 15. Comparison of the range-dependent and range-independent environment for the rays traces in the third convergence zone.
图 16 声能量分布概率随距离分布图 (a)水平变化声速剖面环境;(b)水平不变声速剖面环境.
Figure 16. The distribution of sound energy in the third convergence zone: (a) The range-dependent environment; (b) the range-independent environment.
图 17 第3会聚区距离175.88 km处本征声线时间到达结构 (a)水平变化环境; (b)水平不变环境
Figure 17. Comparison of the sound ray arrivals at the range of 175.88 km in the third convergence zone: (a) The range-dependent environment; (b) the range-independent environment.
表 1 两种环境下不同距离上的到达声线的最大幅度统计表
Table 1. Maximum amplitude of sound ray arrivals at different distances in two environments.
环境 距离/km 171.86 172.86 173.87 174.87 175.88 176.88 177.89 178.89 179.90 180.9 181.9 水平变化环境 6.2 4.7 11.6 42.2 29.3 36.0 51.2 31.3 27.4 25.4 13.6 水平不变环境 9.1 5.5 5.6 8.3 5.4 4.6 19.6 45.6 19.2 28.1 12.4 
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[1] Brekhovskikh L M, Lysanov Yu P 2003 Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (3rd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag Press) pp135–145
[2] S. M. 弗拉泰 等 著 (高天赋 等 译) 1985 起伏海洋中的声传播 (北京: 海洋出版社) 第115—156页
Flatté S M et al. (translated by Gao T F et al. ) 1985 Sound propagation in undulating Ocean (Beijing: Ocean Press) pp115–156 (in Chinese)
[3] 胡涛, 宋文华 2014 物理 43 667
Google Scholar
Hu T, Song W H 2014 Physics 43 667
Google Scholar
[4] Zhou J X, Zhang X Z, Rogers P H. 1991 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90 2042
Google Scholar
[5] 秦继兴, Katsnelson B, 李整林, 张仁和, 骆文于 2016 声学学报 41 145
Qin J X, Katsnelson B, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Luo W Y 2016 Acta Acust. 41 145
[6] Yang T C 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 2595
Google Scholar
[7] 季桂花, 李整林, 戴琼兴 2008 声学学报 33 419
Google Scholar
Ji G H, Li Z L, Dai Q X 2008 Acta Acust. 33 419
Google Scholar
[8] Xiao Y, Li Z L, Li J, Liu J Q et al. 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 054301
Google Scholar
[9] John A C, Daniel L R 2020 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 148 2040
Google Scholar
[10] Cheng C 2016 Chin. Ocean Acoust. Sym. (Harbin: China)
[11] 刘华锋 章向明 唐佑民 陈大可 2014 海洋科学进展 32 405
Google Scholar
Liu H F, Zhang X M, Tang Y M, Chen D K. 2014 Advan. Marine Sci. 32 405
Google Scholar
[12] Weinberg N et al. 1977 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 62 888
Google Scholar
[13] Mellberg L E, Robinson A R, Botseas G J et al. 1990 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87 1044
Google Scholar
[14] Heaney K D, Campbell R L 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139 918
Google Scholar
[15] Georges A D, Kevin B S, Mohsen B et al. 2019 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 146 1875
Google Scholar
[16] Eckart C, Carhart R R 1950 Fluctuation of Sound in the Sea (Committee on Undersea Warfare: National Research Council) pp63–122
[17] Colosi J A 2016 Sound Propagation Through the Stochastic Ocean (New York: Cambridge University Press) pp7–17
[18] Dyson F 1976 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59 1121
Google Scholar
[19] 张青青, 李整林, 秦继兴 2020 应用声学 39 821
Google Scholar
Zhang Q Q, Li Z L, Qin J X 2020 Applied Acoust. 39 821
Google Scholar
[20] 季桂花, 何利, 张振洲, 甘维明 2021 声学学报 46 1132
Ji G H, He L, Zhang Z Z, Gan W M 2021 Acta Acust. 46 1132
[21] 刘清宇 2006博士学位论文(哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Liu Q Y 2006 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)
[22] Cheng C, Yan F G, Jin T, Zhou Z Q 2020 Applied Acoust. 169 107478
Google Scholar
[23] 肖瑶 2019 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院声学研究所)
Xiao Y 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: The Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Science) (in Chinese)
[24] 胡治国, 李整林, 张仁和, 任云 2016 65 014303
Google Scholar
Hu Z G, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Ren Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 014303
Google Scholar
[25] Victor A A, Alexander A S, Lubov K B et al. 2015 Proc. Mtgs. Acoust. 24 070028
[26] 胡治国, 李整林, 张仁和, 任云, 李鋆 2016 声学学报 41 758
Hu Z G, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Ren Y, Li Y 2016 Acta Acust. 41 758
[27] 王梦圆, 李整林, 吴双林, 秦继兴, 余炎欣 2016 声学学报 44 905
Wang M Y, Li Z L, Wu S L, Qin J X, Yu Y X 2016 Acta Acust. 44 905
[28] 李国富, 张爽, 齐占峰, 魏永星, 周莹, 于金花, 常哲, 秦玉峰 2020 海洋技术学报 39 58
Li G F, Zhang S, Qi Z F et al, Wei Y X, Zhou Y, Yu J H, Chang Z, Qin Y F. 2020 J. Ocean. Tec. 39 58
[29] 董凡辰, 李整林, 胡治国, 吴双林 2019 68 134305
Google Scholar
Dong F C, Li Z L, Hu Z G, Wu S L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 134305
Google Scholar
[30] 吴丽丽, 彭朝晖 2016 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 46 8
Wu L L, Peng Z H 2016 SCI. China Phys. Mech. 46 8
[31] Collins M D. 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
Google Scholar
[32] 肖鹏 2017 博士学位论文 (西安: 西北工业大学)
Xiao P 2017 Ph. D. Dissertation (Xi'an: Northwestern Polytechnical University) (in Chinese)
[33] 朴胜春, 栗子洋, 王笑寒, 张明辉 2021 70 024301
Google Scholar
Piao S C, Li Z Y, Wang X H, Zhang M H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 024301
Google Scholar
[34] 刘伯胜, 雷家煜 2010 水声学原理(第二版)(哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社)
Liu B S, Lei J Y 2010 Principles of Underwater Sound (2nd Ed.) (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press) (in Chinese)
[35] 姜继兰, 刘屹岷, 李建平, 张人禾 2021 地球科学进展 36 579
Google Scholar
Jiang J L, Liu Y M, Li J P, Zhang R H 2021 Advan. Earth Sci. 36 579
Google Scholar
[36] Porter M B, Bucher H P 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82 1349
Google Scholar
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