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在深海声道条件下，海水折射效应会使得声场出现会聚效应；在不完全声道条件下，深海海底对声场具有重要影响.利用在中国南海海域收集到的一次深海声传播实验数据，研究了深海不完全声道环境下的海底反射对声传播的影响.实验观测到不同于深海会聚区的海底反射会聚现象，在直达声区范围内的海底地形隆起可导致海底反射会聚区提前形成，并使得部分影区的声强明显提高.由于不平坦海底和海面的反射破坏了完全声道环境下的会聚区结构，在60 km范围内存在两个海底反射会聚区，会聚区增益可达10 dB以上，同时在11 km附近的影区和51 km附近形成高声强区域.当接收深度与声源深度相同时，第二会聚区的增益高于第一会聚区.在第一会聚区内，随着接收深度的增加，声线到达结构趋于复杂，多途效应更加明显.使用抛物方程数值分析结合射线理论对深海海底反射会聚区现象产生的物理原因进行了分析解释.研究结果对于声纳在深海复杂环境下的性能分析具有重要的指导意义.There appears a convergence effect on the sound filed under the condition of sound channel in the deep sea due to the refraction effect of the sea water. For the deep water environment with an incomplete channel, sea bottom has an important influence on sound propagation. A long-range sound propagation experiment was conducted in the South China Sea in April 2018. Hyperbolic frequency modulated (HFM) signals with a frequency band of 250-350 Hz are transmitted by an acoustic source which is towed at a speed of 4 knots away from a vertical line array (VLA). The VLA consists of 20 hydrophones which are arranged from 85 m to 3400 m with an unequal depth space. Using the data collected in the experiment, the effects of bathymetry variation on sound propagation are studied. The physical causes of the seafloor reflection convergence phenomenon are explained by using the parabolic equation combined with ray theory. The observed phenomenon is different from the convergence phenomenon in the typical deep water environment, the spatial variation of bathymetry contributes to the formation of the seafloor reflection convergence zone in advance, and the sound intensity in part of shadow zone is significantly increased. Due to the reflection from the seabed, two obvious seafloor reflection convergence zones are observed near the range of 20 km and 40 km respectively, in which both gains increase up to 10 dB, and a high sound intensity area is formed in the shadow zone near the range of 11 km, where the gain is less than the gains in the two convergence zones. In addition, the grazing angle of the sound ray reaching the second convergence zone is smaller than that reaching the first convergence zone when the receiving depth is the same as the source depth, and the rays with smaller glancing angle have less reflection loss, which leads to a higher gain in the second convergence zone. As the water depth becomes gradually shallower with range increasing, the convergence zone near the range of 51 km under the SOFAR channel is destroyed, and the sound field energy in the corresponding range is much smaller since the number of arriving refracted sound rays is reduced. In the first convergence zone, the path of arriving rays is gradually increased as the receiver becomes deeper. Therefore, the arrival structure tends to be complicated, and the multi-path effect is more obvious. The study result is meaningful for the performance analysis of sonar in complex deep water environment.
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Keywords:
- convergence zone /
- bottom reflection /
- multipath structure /
- transmission loss
[1] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics (2nd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) p33
[2] Hale F E 1961 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33 456
[3] Urick R J 1965 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37 1191
[4] Brekhovskikh L M, Lysanov Yu P 2003 Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (3rd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp118-182
[5] Williams A O, Horul W 1967 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41 189
[6] Li W, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Qin J X, Li J, Nan M X 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 064302
[7] Yang K D, Lu Y Y, Xue R Z, Sun Q 2018 Appl. Acoust. 139 222
[8] Wu S L, Li Z L, Qin J X 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 124301
[9] Vidmar P J 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 634
[10] Hamilton E L, Bachman R T 1982 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72 1891
[11] Qin J X, Zhang R H, Luo W Y, Peng Z H, Liu J H, Wang D J 2014 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 57 1031
[12] Duda T F, Lin Y T, Newhall A E, Zhang W G, Lynch J F 2010 OCEANS 2010, MTS/IEEE Seattle, Washington, USA, September 20-23, 2010 p1
[13] Li Q Q, Li Z L, Zhang R H 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 034303
[14] Wu L L, Peng Z H 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 094302
[15] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
[16] Collins M D User's Guide for RAM Versions 1.0 and 1.0p (Washington DC: Naval Research Laboratory) p10
[17] Li Z L, Li F H 2010 Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 28 990
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[1] Jensen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H 2011 Computational Ocean Acoustics (2nd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) p33
[2] Hale F E 1961 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33 456
[3] Urick R J 1965 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37 1191
[4] Brekhovskikh L M, Lysanov Yu P 2003 Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (3rd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp118-182
[5] Williams A O, Horul W 1967 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41 189
[6] Li W, Li Z L, Zhang R H, Qin J X, Li J, Nan M X 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 064302
[7] Yang K D, Lu Y Y, Xue R Z, Sun Q 2018 Appl. Acoust. 139 222
[8] Wu S L, Li Z L, Qin J X 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 124301
[9] Vidmar P J 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 634
[10] Hamilton E L, Bachman R T 1982 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 72 1891
[11] Qin J X, Zhang R H, Luo W Y, Peng Z H, Liu J H, Wang D J 2014 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 57 1031
[12] Duda T F, Lin Y T, Newhall A E, Zhang W G, Lynch J F 2010 OCEANS 2010, MTS/IEEE Seattle, Washington, USA, September 20-23, 2010 p1
[13] Li Q Q, Li Z L, Zhang R H 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 034303
[14] Wu L L, Peng Z H 2015 Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 094302
[15] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
[16] Collins M D User's Guide for RAM Versions 1.0 and 1.0p (Washington DC: Naval Research Laboratory) p10
[17] Li Z L, Li F H 2010 Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 28 990
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