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The 1.8–2.0 μm waveband contains abundant absorption lines of water, which are much stronger than those in the traditional 1.3–1.5 μm waveband, exhibiting huge potentials for absorption spectrum applications of water. In the hyperspectral absorption spectrum, physical parameters of the target molecule can be derived from lots of absorption lines within a broadband scanning range, achieving the results more robust, accurate and versatile than the results from the conventional tunable diode laser absorption spectrum in which only one or two absorption lines are used. The key to hyperspectral absorption is the development of broadband tunable, narrow linewidth laser sources emitting in the wavelength range of interest. With a tunable fiber FP filter and a fiber saturable absorber, a Tm-doped fiber laser is established, featuring broadband tenability and narrow linewidth. Taking advantage of the re-absorption characteristics of Tm-doped silica fibers, a wavelength tuning range covering 60 nm from 1910–1970 nm is obtained through the appropriately designing of the active fiber length. The measured laser linewidth at steady state is smaller than 0.1 nm, which is suitable for water absorption spectrum. Hyperspectral absorption measurements of water in air and alcohol flame are conducted. In room-temperature air, more than 40 absorption lines are recognized within a tuning range of 1910–1965 nm, while, in alcohol flame, the number of detected lines reaches about 50. Comparison with the HITRAN2016 database gives a laser linewidth of about 0.06 nm which is very close to the static linewidth measured by an OSA. The temperature of the air is derived to be 298 K with a water mole fraction of about 2%, which is consistent with the measurement of the hygrothermograph. And the calculation indicates an alcohol flame temperature of about 1220 K, which is very close to the measurement result of the thermocouple.
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Keywords:
- hyperspectral absorption /
- tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy /
- fiber saturable absorber /
- Tm-doped fiber laser
[1] Goldenstein C S, Spearrin R M, Jeffries J B, Hanson R K 2017 Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 60 132
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图 1 单位标准大气压下, 1.8—2.0 μm波段在300 K和1500 K温度下水的吸收线分布
Figure 1. Absorption lines of water in the 1.8–2.0 μm range at 300 K and 1500 K for one standard atmosphere pressure.
图 2 不同增益光纤长度下掺铥光纤的ASE光谱图
Figure 2. ASE spectra of Tm-doped fibers at different active fiber lengths.
图 3 宽带可调谐窄线宽掺铥光纤激光器光路结构图 WDM, 波分复用器; TDF, 掺铥光纤; ISO, 隔离器; FP filter, 可调谐FP滤波器; OC, 输出耦合器; FSA, 光纤可饱和吸收体
Figure 3. Optical path diagram of the broadband tunable narrow linewidth Tm-doped fiber laser: WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; TDF, Tm-doped fiber; ISO, isolator; FP filter, tunable FP filter; OC, output coupler; FSA, fiber saturable absorber.
图 4 光纤FP滤波器的自由光谱范围
Figure 4. Free spectral range of the fiber FP filter.
图 5 激光光源输出光谱扫描范围
Figure 5. Wavelength scanning range of the laser system.
图 6 分辨率不同的光源典型输出光谱 (a) 1.00 nm; (b) 0.05 nm
Figure 6. Typical spectra of the laser system with different resolution: (a) 1.00 nm; (b) 0.05 nm.
图 7 激光器的输出功率特性
Figure 7. Output power of the laser system.
图 8 水的超光谱吸收典型测量结果 (a) 重频扫描; (b) 单次扫描
Figure 8. Typical measurements of hyperspectral absorption of water: (a) Repetitive scan; (b) single scan.
图 9 处理后的吸收光谱实测数据与理论模拟数据对比
Figure 9. Comparison between the measured data of processed absorption spectrum and theoretical simulation spectrum.
图 10 扫描过程中采样点与激光器输出波长的对应关系
Figure 10. Relationship between sampling point and laser wavelength.
图 11 吸收光谱实验数据一阶导数与不同激光线宽下的理论模拟数据一阶导数对比 (a) 不同激光线宽下的均方根残差分布; (b) 1941 nm附近的实测数据对比
Figure 11. Comparison between first derivatives of the measured and theoretical absorption spectra under different laser linewidths: (a) RMSE distribution at different laser linewidths; (b) comparison of measured data around 1941 nm.
图 12 空气中水的实测吸收光谱与理论吸收光谱对比 (a) 实测数据与理论数据; (b) 残差
Figure 12. Comparison between measured and theoretical absorption spectra of water in air: (a) Measured and theoretical absorption spectra; (b) residual.
图 13 酒精火焰中水的超光谱吸收典型测量结果 (a) 单次扫描; (b) 实测数据与理论数据的对比
Figure 13. Typical hyperspectral absorption spectrum of water in alcohol flame: (a) Single scan; (b) comparison between measured and theoretical spectra.
图 14 酒精火焰中水的实测吸收光谱与理论吸收光谱对比 (a) 实测数据与理论数据; (b) 残差
Figure 14. Comparison between measured and theoretical absorption spectra of water in alcohol flame: (a) Measured and theoretical absorption spectra; (b) residual.
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[1] Goldenstein C S, Spearrin R M, Jeffries J B, Hanson R K 2017 Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 60 132
[2] Bolshov M A, Kuritsyn Y A, Romanovskii Y V 2015 Spectrochim. Acta B 106 45
Google Scholar
[3] Hanson R K, Davidson D F 2014 Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 44 103
Google Scholar
[4] Gordon I E, Rothman L S, Hill C, et al. 2017 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 203 3
Google Scholar
[5] Regalia L, Oudot C, Mikhailenko S, Wang L, Thomas X, Jenouvrier A, Von der Heyden P 2014 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 136 119
Google Scholar
[6] Barber R J, Tennyson J, Harris G J, Tolchenov R N 2006 Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368 1087
Google Scholar
[7] Liu X, Zhou X, Jeffries J B, Hanson R K 2007 J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 103 565
Google Scholar
[8] 许振宇, 刘文清, 刘建国, 何俊峰, 姚路, 阮俊, 陈玖英, 李晗, 袁松, 耿辉, 阚瑞峰 2012 61 234204
Google Scholar
Xu Z Y, Liu W Q, Liu J G, He J F, Yao L, Ruan J, Chen J Y, Li H, Yuan S, Geng H, Kan R F 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 234204
Google Scholar
[9] 张亮, 刘建国, 阚瑞峰, 刘文清, 张玉钧, 许振宇, 陈军 2012 61 034214
Google Scholar
Zhang L, Liu J G, Kan R F, Liu W Q, Zhang Y J, Xu Z Y, Chen J 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 034214
Google Scholar
[10] 陶波, 胡志云, 王晟, 叶景峰, 赵新艳, 叶锡生 2014 工程热 35 4
Google Scholar
Tao B, Hu Z Y, Wang S, Ye J F, Zhao X Y, Ye X S 2014 J. Eng. Thermophys. 35 4
Google Scholar
[11] Wang F, Wu Q, Huang Q, Zhang H, Yan J, Cen K 2015 Opt. Commun. 346 53
Google Scholar
[12] Hunsmann S, Wunderle K, Wagner S, Rascher U, Schurr U, Ebert V 2008 Appl. Phys. B 92 393
Google Scholar
[13] Witzel O, Klein A, Wagner S, Meffert C, Schulz C, Ebert V 2012 Appl. Phys. B 109 521
Google Scholar
[14] Caswell A W, Kraetschmer T, Rein K, Sanders S T, Roy S, Shouse D T, Gord J R 2010 Appl. Opt. 49 4963
Google Scholar
[15] Li F, Yu X, Gu H, Li Z, Zhao Y, Ma L, Chen L, Chang X 2011 Appl. Opt. 50 6697
Google Scholar
[16] 张步强, 徐振宇, 刘建国, 姚路, 阮俊, 胡佳屹, 夏晖晖, 聂伟, 袁峰, 阚瑞峰 2019 68 233301
Google Scholar
Zhang B Q, Xu Z Y, Liu J G, Yao L, Ruan J, Hu J Y, Xia H H, Nie W, Yuan F, Kan R F 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 233301
Google Scholar
[17] Huber R, Wojtkowski M, Taira K, Fujimoto J G 2005 Opt. Express 13 3513
Google Scholar
[18] Huber R, Wojtkowski M, and Fujimoto J G 2006 Opt. Express 14 3225
Google Scholar
[19] Kranendonk L A, An X, Caswell A W, Herold R E, Sanders S T, Huber R, Fujimoto J G, Okura Y, Urata Y 2007 Opt. Express 15 15115
Google Scholar
[20] Caswell A W, Roy S, An X, Sanders S T, Schauer F R, Gord J R 2013 Appl. Opt. 52 2893
Google Scholar
[21] Ma L, Li X, Sanders S T, Caswell A W, Roy S R, Plemmons D H, Gord J R 2013 Opt. Express 21 1152
Google Scholar
[22] Zhou X, Liu X, Jeffries J B, Hanson R K 2003 Meas. Sci. Technol. 14 1459
Google Scholar
[23] 符鹏飞, 超星, 侯凌云, 王振海, 孟庆慧 2019 工程热 40 2176
Google Scholar
Fu P F, Chao X, Hou L Y, Wang Z H, Meng Q H 2019 J. Eng. Thermophys. 40 2176
Google Scholar
[24] 陶蒙蒙, 陶波, 余婷, 王振宝, 冯国斌, 叶锡生 2016 红外与激光工程 45 1205002
Google Scholar
Tao M M, Tao B, Yu T, Wang Z B, Feng G B, Ye X S 2016 Infrar. Laser Eng. 45 1205002
Google Scholar
[25] Tao M, Tao B, Hu Z, Feng G, Ye X, Zhao J 2017 Opt. Express 25 32386
Google Scholar
[26] 陶蒙蒙, 陶波, 叶景峰, 沈炎龙, 黄珂, 叶锡生, 赵军 2020 69 034205
Google Scholar
Tao M M, Tao B, Ye J F, Shen Y L, Huang K, Ye X S, Zhao J 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 034205
Google Scholar
[27] Jackson S D, King T A 1999 J. Lightwave Tehcnol. 17 948
Google Scholar
[28] Jackson S D, King T A 1998 Opt. Lett. 23 1462
Google Scholar
[29] Schulze G, Jirasek A, Yu M M L, Lim A, Turner R F B, Blades M W 2005 Appl. Spectrosc. 59 545
Google Scholar
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