Two-dimensional material as a saturable absorber for mid-infrared ultrafast fiber laser

Zhang Qian; Jin Xin-Xin; Zhang Meng; Zheng Zheng

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200472

Abstract

The two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial saturable absorber represented by graphene is widely used in ultrafast fiber lasers due to its unique nonlinear optical properties. In this paper, we summarize the research and development of 2D nanomaterials as saturable absorbers in mid-infrared ultrafast mode-locked fiber lasers in recent years, and introduce the atomic structure and nonlinear optical characteristics of 2D nanomaterials, and saturable absorber device integration methods. The laser performance parameters such as center wavelength, repetition frequency and average output power of the laser are discussed, and the femtosecond fiber laser based on black phosphorus saturable absorber in the middle infrared band is highlighted. Finally, the developments and challenges of 2D materials in mid-infrared pulsed fiber laser are also addressed.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Meng, mengzhang10@buaa.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51778030, 51978024)

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References

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Cited By

图 1 超快脉冲激光器中实体可饱和吸收体研究进展^[16]

Figure 1. Development of materials as real saturable absorber (SA) in lasers^[16].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 二维纳米材料原子结构图　(a)石墨烯^[19]; (b) TIs^[23]; (c) TMDs^[28,29]; (d) BP^[36]; (e) MOFs^[41]

Figure 2. Atomic structures of two-dimensional (2D) materials: (a) Graphene^[19]; (b) TIs^[23]; (c) TMDs^[28,29]; (d) BP^[36]; (e) MOFs^[41].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 二维纳米材料制备方法原理图: 自上而下、自下而上、拓扑转化法

Figure 3. Schematic diagram fabrication methods of 2D materials: Top-down, bottom-up methods and Topological transformation.

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图 4 Ni-MOF结构特征图　(a) Ni-MOF SEM图; (b) Ni-MOF AFM图; (c) Ni-MOF拉曼谱^[41]

Figure 4. (a) SEM image of the Ni-MOF showing a 2D layer structure; (b) AFM image of the Ni-MOF dissolved in an IPA solution; (c) raman spectrum of the Ni-MOF^[41].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a) 双探头平衡探测法装置; (b) 1934 nm激光照射下材料可饱和吸收体数据及其拟合曲线^[41]

Figure 5. (a) The setup of balanced twin-detector measurement; (b) the measured saturable absorption data and their corresponding fitting curve under 1934 nm laser irradiation^[41].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 (a)开孔Z-扫描实验装置^[64]; (b)基于Z-扫描可饱和吸收特性曲线图^[55]

Figure 6. (a) A typical data set from Z-scan experiment of the SA device^[64]; (b) the typical shapes of Z-scan measurements^[55].

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图 7 二维纳米材料光纤集成: 传输集成法((a)三明治结构材料转移至光纤端面^[66]); 倏逝波集成法((b) D型光纤^[65]、(c)锥形光纤^[41])

Figure 7. Fiber integration with two-dimensional materials: Transmission integration method ((a) sandwiching structure transferring SA on fiber end^[66]); evanescent-wave integration method ((b) D-typed fiber^[65], (c) tapered fiber^[41]).

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图 8 (a)石墨烯脉冲激光器装置图^[56]; (b)脉冲自相关图; (c)光谱图; (d) BP脉冲激光器装置图^[40]; (e) 脉冲自相关图; (f)光谱图

Figure 8. (a) Setup of graphene based mode-locked fiber laser^[56]; (b) autocorrection trace; (c) optical spectrum; (d) setup of the BP mode-locked fiber laser^[40]; (e) autocorrelation trace; (f) optical spectrum.

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图 9 基于BP可饱和吸收体色散管理掺铥锁模光纤激光器最短脉冲　(a)激光器实验装置图; (b)锁模脉冲自相关图^[83]

Figure 9. The shortest-pulse Tm-doped fiber laser based on BP at 2 μm spectral region: (a) Setup of Tm:fiber mode-locked laser; (b) autocorrelation trace^[83].

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表 1 二维纳米材料带隙与载流子弛豫时间总结

Table 1. Bandgaps and carrier lifetime of 2D materials.

2D material	Graphene	TIs	TMDs	BP	MOFs
Bandgap/eV	0	0.2—0.3	1—2.0	0.3—2	0.85
Carrier lifetime	Fast: < 200 fs Slow: ～1 ps	Fast: 0.3—2 ps Slow: 3—23 ps	Fast: ～1—3 ps Slow: 70—400 ps	Fast: 360 fs Slow: 1.3 ps	—

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表 2 中红外波段各种二维纳米材料可饱和吸收体锁模光纤激光器性能总结

Table 2. Summary of mid-infrared mode-locked fiber lasers using 2D material based SAs.

2D material	Fabrication method	Laser type	λ/nm	Pulse width/ps	Repetition rate/MHz	Power/mW	Ref.
Graphene	LPE	TDF	1940	3.6	6.46	2	[56]
Graphene	CVD	TDF	1884	1.2	20.5	1.35	[22]
Graphene	NPE	TDF	1950	0.255	23.5	1210	[67]
Graphene	CVD	TDF	1945	0.2	58.87	13	[68]
Graphene	CVD	Er:ZBLAN	2800	42	25.4	18	[69]
BP	ME	TDF	1910	0.739	36.8	1.5	[40]
BP	ME	Er:ZBLAN	2800	42	24	613	[72]
BP	Sonication	Er:ZBLAN	3.5	34600	28.91	40	[73]
TMDs-WTe₂	MSD	TDF	1915	1.25	18.72	39.9	[74]
TIs-Bi₂Te₃	ME	Tm/Ho	1935	0.795	27.9	20	[27]
MOFs	Solvothermal	TDF	1882	1.3	13.9	2.87	[41]

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表 3 基于二维纳米材料可饱和吸收体掺铥/钬超快锁模光纤激光器性能对比

Table 3. Output Performance Comparison of reported thulium-doped and holmium-doped fiber lasers mode-locked with nanomaterial SAs

2D material	Fabrication method	Laser type	λ/nm	Pulse width/fs	Repetition rate/MHz	Spectral width /nm	Ref.
Graphene	CVD	Tm	1940	260	6.46	9.4	[78]
Graphene	CVD	Tm	1876	603	41	6.6	[79]
Graphene	CVD	Tm	1945	205	58.87	27.5	[68]
Graphene	—	Ho	2060	190	20.98	53.6	[80]
TIs-Bi₂Te₃	Optically	Tm/Ho	1909	1260	21.5	3.6	[81]
TIs-Bi₂Te₃	ME	Tm/Ho	1935	795	27.9	5.6	[27]
TMDs-WSe₂	CVD	Tm	1864	1160	11.36	3.19	[61]
TMDs-MoTe₂	CVD	Tm	1930	952	14.35	4.45	[60]
TMDs-MoSe₂	LPE	Tm/Ho	1912	920	18.21	4.62	[82]
BP	ME	Tm	1910	739	36.8	5.8	[40]
BP	LPE	Tm	1886	139	20.95	55.6	[83]

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[1]	Hu J J, Meyer J, Richardson K, Shah L 2013 Opt. Mater. Express 3 1571 Google Scholar
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[4]	Schwaighofer A, Alcaraz M R, Araman C, Goicoechea H, Lendl B 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 33556 Google Scholar
[5]	Nishii J, Morimoto S, Inagawa I, Iizuka R, Yamashita T, Yamagishi T 1992 J Non. Cryst. Solids. 140 199 Google Scholar
[6]	Spiers G D, Menzies R T, Jacob J, Christensen L E, Phillips M W, Choi Y, Browell E V 2011 Appl. Opt. 50 2098 Google Scholar
[7]	Fuller T A 1986 Laser. Surg. Med. 6 399 Google Scholar
[8]	Petersen C R, Moller U, Kubat I, Zhou B B, Dupont S, Ramsay J, Benson T, Sujecki S, Abdel-Moneim N, Tang Z Q, Furniss D, Seddon A, Bang O 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 830 Google Scholar
[9]	Ouyang D, Zhao J, Zheng Z, Liu M, Li C, Ruan S, Yan P, Pei J 2016 IEEE Photon. J. 8 1600910 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhang M, Kelleher E J R, Popov S V, Taylor J R 2014 Opt. Fiber Technol. 20 666 Google Scholar
[11]	Wei C, Shi H X, Luo H Y, Zhang H, Lyu Y J, Liu Y 2017 Opt. Express 25 19170 Google Scholar
[12]	Tang P H, Qin Z P, Liu J, Zhao C J, Xie G Q, Wen S C, Qian L J 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 4855 Google Scholar
[13]	Li P, Ruehl A, Grosse-Wortmann U, Hartl I 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 6859 Google Scholar
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[15]	Bao Q L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Ni Z H, Yan Y L, Shen Z X, Loh K P, Tang D Y 2009 Adv. Funct. Mater. 19 3077 Google Scholar
[16]	Woodward R I, Kelleher E J R 2015 Appl. Sci-Basel 5 1440 Google Scholar
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[21]	Cusati T, Fiori G, Gahoi A, Passi V, Lemme M C, Fortunelli A, Iannaccone G 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 5109 Google Scholar
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[24]	Boguslawski J, Sobon G, Zybala R, Sotor J 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 2786 Google Scholar
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[31]	Splendiani A, Sun L, Zhang Y B, Li T S, Kim J, Chim C Y, Galli G, Wang F 2010 Nano Letters 10 1271 Google Scholar
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