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All-fiber laser with short pulses possesses many advantages, such as superior stability, compact structure, and high single pulse energy. Recently, short pulse laser working in a 1.8–2.0 μm spectral region has received considerable attention due to its wide applications in laser spectroscopy, biomedicine, optical communications and sensing. The passive Q-switched and mode-locked operations by saturable absorber (SA) have been considered to be convenient and low-cost ways to achieve short pulses. Recently, pure water has been reported as the ideal SA because of its advantages of high damage threshold, low prices, good thermal diffusivity and stability. In this work, Tm-doped all-fiber pulse laser based on pure water as the SA is demonstrated. The pure water is fixed between two FC/PC fiber patchcord by the ceramic cannula, so we can change the loss of SA easily. The Q-switched and mode-locked operations can be obtained by adjusting the water layer thickness. The maximum output power at Q-switched state is 0.531 mW, the repetition frequency is 53.45 kHz, and the pulse width is 3.01 μs. The maximum output power at mode-locked state is 2.28 mW, the repetition rate is 17.69 MHz, and the pulse width is 1.42 ps. To our knowledge, this is the first passive mode-locked fiber laser using pure water as a saturable absorber, and provides a new scheme for thulium-doped all-fiber pulse lasers.
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Keywords:
- Tm-doped fiber laser /
- saturable absorber /
- Q-switched /
- mode-locked
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图 1 纯水的吸收光谱
Figure 1. Absorption spectrum of pure water.
图 2 纯水SA掺铥光纤激光器的实验结构 TDF, 掺铥光纤; WDM, 波分复用器; PI-ISO, 偏振无关隔离器; PC, 偏振控制器; OC, 光耦合器; SA, 可饱和吸收体
Figure 2. Experimental setup of pure water-SA Tm-doped fiber laser: TDF, Tm-doped fiber; WDM, wavelength division multiplexer; PI-ISO, polarization independent isolator; PC, polarization controller; OC, optical coupler; SA, saturable absorber.
图 3 泵浦功率不同时的调Q脉冲序列 (a) 152 mW; (b) 238 mW; (c) 311 mW
Figure 3. Q-switched pulse trains under different pump powers: (a) 152 mW; (b) 238 mW; (c) 311 mW.
图 4 泵浦功率为152 mW时的调Q光谱
Figure 4. Q-switched optical spectrum under pump power of 152 mW.
图 5 (a) 输出功率和单脉冲能量随泵浦功率的变化; (b) 脉冲宽度和重复频率随泵浦功率的变化
Figure 5. (a) Output power and single-pulse energy as a function of pump power; (b) pulse width and repetition rate as a function of pump power.
图 6 (a) 示波器测得的锁模脉冲序列; (b) 输出锁模脉冲的自相关轨迹; (c) 锁模状态的输出光谱; (d) 锁模状态的输出射频频谱
Figure 6. (a) Mode-locked pulse train measured by oscilloscope; (b) autocorrelation trace of the output mode-locked pulse; (c) output optical spectrum of the mode-locked state; (d) output radio frequency spectrum of the mode-locked state.
图 7 锁模脉冲的长时间稳定性
Figure 7. The long-time stability of mode-locked pulses.
图 8 纯水SA在1.9 μm波长下的非线性响应
Figure 8. Nonlinear response of the pure water SA at 1.9 μm wavelength.
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[1] Barnes N P, Walsh B M, Reichle D J, Deyoung R J 2009 Opt. Mater. 31 1061
Google Scholar
[2] Zipfel W R, Williams R M, Webb W W 2003 Nat. Biotechnol. 21 1369
Google Scholar
[3] Steinlechner J, Martin I W, Bell A S, Hough J, Fletcher M, Murray P G, Robie R, Rowan S, Schnabel R 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 263602
Google Scholar
[4] Tan S, Yang L, Wei X, Li C, Chen N, Tsia K K, Wong K K 2017 Opt. Lett. 42 1540
Google Scholar
[5] Zhang H, Kavanagh N, Li Z, et al. 2015 Opt. Express 23 4946
Google Scholar
[6] Fried N M 2005 Lasers Surg. Med. 36 52
Google Scholar
[7] Hu J, Menyuk C R, Shaw L B, Sanghera J S, Aggarwal I D 2010 Opt. Lett. 35 2907
Google Scholar
[8] Fermann M E, Andrejco M J, Silberberg Y, Stock M L 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 894
Google Scholar
[9] Yan Z Y, Li X H, Tang Y L, Shum P P, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang Q J 2015 Opt. Express 23 4369
Google Scholar
[10] Sun B, Luo J Q, Ng B P, Yu X 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 4052
Google Scholar
[11] Lagatsky A A, Fusari F, Calvez S, Gupta J A, Kisel V E, Kuleshov N V, Brown C T A, Dawson D, Sibbett W 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 2587
Google Scholar
[12] Peng Y, Wei X, Wang W 2012 Laser Phys. Lett. 9 15
Google Scholar
[13] Liu J, Wang Y, Qu Z, Fan X 2012 Opt. Laser Technol. 44 960
Google Scholar
[14] Wang Y, Alam S U, Obraztsova E D, Pozharov A S, Set S Y, Yamashita S 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3864
Google Scholar
[15] Kong L, Qin Z, Xie G, Guo Z, Zhang H, Yuan P, Qian L 2016 Laser Phys. Lett. 13 045801
Google Scholar
[16] Jung M, Lee J, Park J, Koo J, Jhon Y M, Lee J H 2015 Opt. Express 23 19996
Google Scholar
[17] Xian T, Zhan L, Gao L, Zhang W, Zhang W 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 863
Google Scholar
[18] Curcio J A, Petty C C 1951 J. Opt. Soc. Am. 41 302
Google Scholar
[19] Zou W, Xu X, Xu R, Fan X, Zhao Y, Li L, Tang D, Shen D 2017 Photonics Res. 5 583
Google Scholar
[20] Deàk J C, Rhea S T, Iwaki L K, Dlott D D 2000 J. Phys. Chem. A 104 4866
Google Scholar
[21] Woutersen S, Bakker H J 1999 Nature 402 507
Google Scholar
[22] Li G, Zhou Y, Li S, Yao P, Gao W, Gu C, Xu L 2018 Chin. Phys. Lett. 35 114203
Google Scholar
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