Theoretical design of tunable terahertz metasurfaces with dual-mode polarization conversion and ultra-broadband absorption functionality

WANG Dan; LI Jiusheng; XIONG Rihui

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20241762

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a vanadium dioxide and germanium telluride composite metasurface. The conductivity of vanadium dioxide and germanium telluride is varied by changing the temperature, which enables the switching of functions such as ultra-broadband absorption, reflective-type polarization, and transmissive-type polarization. When vanadium dioxide is metallic and germanium telluride is crystalline, the terahertz wave is incident along the –z direction, and the metasurface can be used as a broadband absorber, with an absorption rate greater than 90% in a frequency range of 7.96–17.76 THz, and the absorption bandwidth reaches 9.8 THz, with a relative bandwidth of 76.2%. In addition, the designed metasurface absorber is polarization-insensitive and exhibits good absorption performance at large incidence angles. Terahertz waves are incident along the +z direction, and this metasurface can be used as a reflective polarization converter with a polarization conversion ratio greater than 0.9 for x– and y–polarized waves in the frequency band from 2.04 to 4.44 THz. The effects of incidence angle and structural parameters on polarization conversion performance are also investigated. When vanadium dioxide is in the dielectric state and germanium telluride is in the amorphous state, the metasurface can be used as a transmissive polarization converter, with a polarization conversion rate of greater than 0.9 in a frequency band of 0.65–5.07 THz. And the high polarization conversion performance can be maintained in a wide range of incidence angles. Finally, the physical mechanism of polarization conversion is analyzed using surface currents. The results show that the metasurface structure has bi-directional, switchable and multi-functional characteristics for terahertz wave manipulation, and has broad application prospects in terahertz wave sensing, imaging and communication.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Center for THz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China

Corresponding author: LI Jiusheng, lijsh2008@126.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62271460, 62435017) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. LZ24F050005).

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References

[1]	Zheng C L, Li J, Yue Z, Li J T, Liu J Y, Wang G C, Wang S L, Zhang Y T, Zhang Y, Yao J Q 2022 Laser Photonics Rev. 16 2200051 Google Scholar
[2]	Huang X J, Cao M, Wang D Q, Li X W, Fan J D, Li X Y 2022 Opt. Mater. Express 12 811 Google Scholar
[3]	Bader A D, Saghaei H 2023 Opt. Express 31 12653 Google Scholar
[4]	Luo B, Qi Y P, Zhou Z H, Shi Q, Wang X X 2024 Nanotechnology 35 195205 Google Scholar
[5]	King J, Wan C H, Park T J, Deshpande S, Zhang Z, Ramanathan S, Kats M A 2024 Nat. Photonics 18 74 Google Scholar
[6]	Zeng Y, Wang J Q, Yang X S, Yao J Q, Li P N, He Q, Xu M, Miao X S 2023 Opt. Mater. 136 113447 Google Scholar
[7]	Chen Z, Chen J J, Tang H W, Shen T, Zhang H 2022 Opt. Express 30 6778 Google Scholar
[8]	Jiang X X, Xiao Z Y, Wang X W, Cheng P 2023 Appl. Opt. 62 3519 Google Scholar
[9]	Phan H L, Nguyen T Q H, Nguyen T M, Nguyen N H, Le D T, Bui X K, Vu D L, Kim J M, 2024 Opt. Mater. 154 115682 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhang Y, Xue W R, Du Y D, Liang J L, Li C Y 2024 Opt. Mater. 149 114984 Google Scholar
[11]	Lin Q W, Wong H, Huitema L, Crunteanu A 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2101699 Google Scholar
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[13]	Nguyen H Q, Nguyen T Q H, Nguyen T M 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 115534 Google Scholar
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[17]	Jiang X Q, Fan W H, Qin C, Chen X 2021 Nanomaterials 11 2895 Google Scholar
[18]	Li Z H, Yang R C, Wang J Y, Zhao Y J, Tian J P, Zhang W M 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 3507 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang H, He X C, Zhang D, Zhang H F 2022 Opt. Express 30 23341 Google Scholar
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图 1 太赫兹超表面阵列示意和单元结构图　(a)超表面结构示意图; (b)单元结构; (c)顶层图案俯视图; (d)底层图案俯视图

Figure 1. Schematic of the array and cell structure of terahertz metasurface: (a) Schematic of the terahertz metasurface; (b) cell structure; (c) top view; (d) bottom view.

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图 2 太赫兹波沿–z 方向入射时超表面电磁响应曲线　(a)吸收、反射和透射曲线; (b)等效阻抗实部和虚部曲线

Figure 2. Electromagnetic response curves of the metasurface for terahertz waves incident along the –z direction: (a) Absorption, reflection, and transmission curves; (b) equivalent impedance real and imaginary curves.

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图 3 太赫兹波沿–z方向入射时不同组合图案对应的太赫兹波吸收曲线

Figure 3. Terahertz wave absorption curves corresponding to different combinations of patterns when terahertz waves are incident along the –z direction.

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图 4 太赫兹波沿–z方向入射吸收器谐振频点处的电磁场分布　(a)—(c) TE模式和(d)—(f) TM模式下, 谐振频点处的电场分布俯视图; (g)—(i) TE模式下, 谐振频点处的磁场分布侧视图

Figure 4. Electromagnetic field distribution at the resonant frequency points of the absorber for a terahertz wave incident along the –z direction. Top view of the electric field distribution at the resonant frequency point in (a)–(c) TE mode and (d)–(f) TM mode; (g)–(i) side view of the magnetic field distribution at the resonant frequency point in TE mode.

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图 5 太赫兹波沿–z方向入射时入射角与极化角对吸收性能的影响　(a) TE模式和(b) TM模式下, 不同入射角对吸收性能的影响; (c)不同极化角对吸收性能的影响

Figure 5. Effect of incidence angle and polarization angle on absorption performance for terahertz waves incident along –z direction: Effect of different incidence angles on the absorption performance in (a) TE mode and (b) TM mode; (c) effect of different polarization angles on the absorption performance.

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图 6 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下超表面的电磁响应曲线　(a)反射系数; (b)极化转换率PCR

Figure 6. Electromagnetic response curves of the metasurface under the incidence of terahertz waves along the +z direction: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) polarization conversion rate PCR.

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图 7 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下, 不同极化角对PCR影响　(a) x偏振波入射下, 不同极化角对PCR影响; (b) y偏振波入射下, 不同极化角对PCR影响

Figure 7. Effect of different polarization angles on PCR under the incidence of terahertz waves along the +z direction: (a) Effect of different polarization angles on PCR under x–polarized wave incidence; (b) the effect of different polarization angles on PCR under y–polarized wave incidence.

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图 8 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下, 不同入射角对PCR影响　(a) x偏振波入射下, 不同入射角对PCR影响; (b) y偏振波入射下, 不同入射角对PCR影响

Figure 8. Effect of different incidence angles on PCR under the incidence of terahertz waves along the +z direction: (a) Effect of different incidence angles on PCR under x–polarized wave incidence; (b) the effect of different incidence angles on PCR under y–polarized wave incidence.

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图 9 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下, 不同结构参数对PCR_x影响　(a)两边矩形谐振器宽度w₃; (b)中间条形谐振器宽度w₄; (c)外环半径R₁; (d)内环半径R₂

Figure 9. Effect of different structural parameters on PCR_x under the incidence of terahertz wave along +z direction: (a) Width of the rectangular resonator on both sides w₃; (b) width of the strip resonator in the middle w₄; (c) outer ring radius R₁; (d) inner ring radius R₂.

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图 10 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下超表面的太赫兹电磁响应曲线　(a)透射系数; (b)极化转换率PCR

Figure 10. Electromagnetic response curves of the metasurface under the incidence of terahertz waves along the +z direction: (a) Transmission coefficient; (b) polarization conversion rate PCR.

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图 11 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下入射角变化对极化转换率PCR影响

Figure 11. Effect of variation of incidence angle on polarization conversion rate PCR under terahertz wave incidence along +z direction.

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图 12 不同谐振频率下, 太赫兹波沿+z方向入射下, 顶层、中间和底层结构在谐振频点处的电流分布图　(a), (d)顶层十字架结构; (b), (e)中间光栅层; (c), (f)底层“工”形结构

Figure 12. Current distributions of the top, intermediate and bottom layers of the structure at the resonance frequencies under terahertz wave incidence along the +z direction, current distributions at different resonant frequencies: (a), (d) The top cross structure; (b), (e) the intermediate grating layer; (c), (f) the bottom “工” structure.

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表 1 本文提出结构与其他文献报道成果对比

Table 1. Comparison of the proposed structure in this paper with previously reported works.

文献	可调材料	功能	性能	带宽
[18]	Graphene	宽带吸收和极化转换	1.74—3.52 THz: A≥90% 1.54—2.55 THz: PCR^r≥90%	吸收1.78 THz 反射极化转换1.01 THz
[19]	VO₂和Si	宽带吸收和极化转换	0.68—1.60 THz: A≥90% 0.82—1.60 THz: PCR^r≥90%	吸收0.92 THz 反射极化转换0.78 THz
[20]	VO₂	宽带吸收和极化转换	3.33—5.62 THz: A≥90% 2.54—4.55 THz: PCR^r≥90%	吸收2.29 THz 反射极化转换2.01 THz
[10]	VO₂	宽带吸收和极化转换	1.49—3.58 THz: A≥90% 1.1—3.2 THz: PCR^r≥90%	吸收2.09 THz 反射极化转换2.1 THz
本文	VO₂和GeTe	宽带吸收和极化转换	7.96—17.76 THz: A≥90% 2.04—4.44 THz: PCR^r≥90% 0.65—5.07 THz: PCR^t≥90%	吸收9.8 THz 反射极化转换2.4 THz 透射极化转换4.42 THz

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[1]	Zheng C L, Li J, Yue Z, Li J T, Liu J Y, Wang G C, Wang S L, Zhang Y T, Zhang Y, Yao J Q 2022 Laser Photonics Rev. 16 2200051 Google Scholar
[2]	Huang X J, Cao M, Wang D Q, Li X W, Fan J D, Li X Y 2022 Opt. Mater. Express 12 811 Google Scholar
[3]	Bader A D, Saghaei H 2023 Opt. Express 31 12653 Google Scholar
[4]	Luo B, Qi Y P, Zhou Z H, Shi Q, Wang X X 2024 Nanotechnology 35 195205 Google Scholar
[5]	King J, Wan C H, Park T J, Deshpande S, Zhang Z, Ramanathan S, Kats M A 2024 Nat. Photonics 18 74 Google Scholar
[6]	Zeng Y, Wang J Q, Yang X S, Yao J Q, Li P N, He Q, Xu M, Miao X S 2023 Opt. Mater. 136 113447 Google Scholar
[7]	Chen Z, Chen J J, Tang H W, Shen T, Zhang H 2022 Opt. Express 30 6778 Google Scholar
[8]	Jiang X X, Xiao Z Y, Wang X W, Cheng P 2023 Appl. Opt. 62 3519 Google Scholar
[9]	Phan H L, Nguyen T Q H, Nguyen T M, Nguyen N H, Le D T, Bui X K, Vu D L, Kim J M, 2024 Opt. Mater. 154 115682 Google Scholar
[10]	Zhang Y, Xue W R, Du Y D, Liang J L, Li C Y 2024 Opt. Mater. 149 114984 Google Scholar
[11]	Lin Q W, Wong H, Huitema L, Crunteanu A 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater. 10 2101699 Google Scholar
[12]	Li W X, Yi Y T, Yang H, Cheng S B, Yang W X, Zhang H F, Yi Z, Yi Y G, Li H L 2023 Commun. Theor. Phys. 75 045503 Google Scholar
[13]	Nguyen H Q, Nguyen T Q H, Nguyen T M 2024 Phys. Scr. 99 115534 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang P Y, Chen G Q, Hou Z Y, Zhang Y Z, Shen J, Li C Y, Zhao M L, Gao Z Z, Li Z Q, Tang T T 2022 Micromachines 13 669 Google Scholar
[15]	Zhang R Y, Luo Y A, Xu J K, Wang H Y, Han H Y, Hu D, Zhu Q F, Zhang Y 2021 Opt. Express 29 42989 Google Scholar
[16]	Li N C, Mei J S, Gong D G, Shia Y C 2022 Opt. Commun. 521 128581 Google Scholar
[17]	Jiang X Q, Fan W H, Qin C, Chen X 2021 Nanomaterials 11 2895 Google Scholar
[18]	Li Z H, Yang R C, Wang J Y, Zhao Y J, Tian J P, Zhang W M 2021 Opt. Mater. Express 11 3507 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang H, He X C, Zhang D, Zhang H F 2022 Opt. Express 30 23341 Google Scholar
[20]	Niu J H, Yao Q Y, Mo W, Li C H, Zhu A J 2023 Opt. Commun. 527 128953 Google Scholar

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