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The high polarizability of Rydberg atoms enables the multi-parameters measurement of electromagnetic fields. In this paper, we report on an atomic antenna based on Rydberg atoms in a room temperature vapor cell. The EIT is a destructive interference spectroscopy with a narrow linewidth and can be used to detect small electric fields through Autler-Townes splitting or Stark shifts. In our experiments, we employ cascade-type two-photon excitation electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectroscopy to measure the shift of the Rydberg energy level. We introduce a low-frequency electric field (~kHz frequency) using a built-in electrode technique in the cesium cell. The interaction between the Rydberg atom and electric field induces the Stark shifts, where the amplitude of the electric field is converted into corresponding two-photon detuning by the EIT effect. Furthermore, the amplitude of the low-frequency electric field is converted into an intensity signal of EIT probe beam. Under weak field conditions, it is an approximate linear relationship between EIT transmission signal and input electric field amplitude, enabling measurement of waveform, amplitude, and frequency. We have demonstrated optical measurements of low-frequency electric field using Rydberg atoms. By increasing the power of probe beam and coupling beam, the EIT can increase the response bandwidth from ~MHz to hundreds of MHz. This provides a scalable approach for measuring high-frequency electric fields.
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Keywords:
- Rydberg atom /
- electromagnetically induced transparency /
- low-frequency electric field /
- waveform
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图 1 (a)铯原子里德伯跃迁能级图; (b)理论模拟EIT图
Figure 1. (a) Rydberg transition energy level diagram of cesium atom; (b) EIT diagram of theoretical simulation.
图 2 EIT信号强度随场强变化的数值模拟
Figure 2. Numerical simulation of EIT signal strength variation with field strength.
图 3 数值模拟波形 (a)正弦波; (b)方波; (c) sinx/x
Figure 3. Numerical simulation waveform: (a) Sine wave; (b) square wave; (c) sinx/x.
图 4 铯原子光谱实验装置图, 其中λ/2为半波片, PBS为偏振分光棱镜, L为透镜, DM1和DM4分别为852 nm高反射率(HR)和509 nm高透射率(HT)双色镜, DM2和DM3分别为852 nm高透射率(HT)和509 nm高反射率(HR)双色镜, PD为光电探测器, SAS为饱和吸收光谱, D为垃圾堆
Figure 4. Experimental set-up. λ/2 represents half-wave plate, PBS represents polarizing beam splitter cube, L represents Lens, DM1 and DM4 represent 852 nm high reflectivity (HR) and 509 nm high transmissivity (HT) dichroic mirror, DM2 and DM3 represent 852 nm high transmissivity (HT) and 509 nm high reflectivity (HR) dichroic mirror, PD represent photodiode, SAS represents cesium atomic saturation absorption spectroscopy, D represents optical dump.
图 5 正弦波波形测量 (a)频率为1 kHz高电平为68 mV, 低电平为14 mV; (b)频率为10 kHz高电平为67 mV, 低电平为17 mV
Figure 5. Waveform recognition of sine wave: (a) Reference waveform and measurement waveform at a frequency of 1 kHz, high-level 68 mV, low-level 14 mV; (b) reference waveform and measurement waveform at a frequency of 10 kHz, high-level 67 mV, low-level 17 mV.
图 6 频率为1 kHz, 高电平100 mV低电平0 mV时的参考波形和测量波形 (a)高斯函数; (b)洛伦兹函数; (c) sinx/x; (d)指数上升函数
Figure 6. Reference waveform and measurement waveform at a frequency of 1 kHz, high-level 100 mV, low-level 0 mV: (a) Gaussian; (b) Lorentz; (c) sinx/x; (d) exponential rise.
图 7 多种波形测量, 频率为10 kHz, 高电平为100 mV, 低电平为0 mV (a) 高斯函数; (b)洛伦兹函数; (c) sinx/x函数; (d)指数上升函数
Figure 7. Reference waveform and measurement waveform at a frequency of 10 kHz, high-level 100 mV, low-level 0 mV: (a) Gaussian; (b) Lorentz; (c) sinx/x; (d) exponential rise.
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[1] 张星, 白强, 夏善红, 郑凤杰, 陈绍凤 2006 仪器仪表学报 27 1433
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Bai Q, Xia S H, Zheng F J, Chen S F 2006 J. Instrument. Meter. 27 1433
Google Scholar
[2] 熊兰, 宋道军, 张又力, 唐涛, 肖波, 杨帆, 何为 2011 高压电器 47 97
Google Scholar
Xiong L, Song D J, Zhang Y L, Tang T, Xiao B, Yang F, He W 2011 High Volt. Electr. Appl. 47 97
Google Scholar
[3] 汪金刚, 林伟, 李健, 毛长斌, 何为, 王平 2010 传感器与微系统 29 21
Google Scholar
Wang J G, Lin W, Li J, Mao C B, He W, Wang P 2010 Transducer and Microsystem Technologies 29 21
Google Scholar
[4] 韦明杰, 张恒旭, 石访, 谢伟, 张勇, 方陈 2019 电力系统自动化 43 148
Wei M J, Zhang H X, Shi F, Xie W, Zhang Y, Fang C 2019 Power System Automation 43 148
[5] 肖德, 马琪, 谢轩, 郑琪, 张志 2018 传感器 18 1053
Google Scholar
Xiao D, Ma Q, Xie Y, Zheng Q, Zhang Z 2018 Sensors 18 1053
Google Scholar
[6] Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Löw R, Pfau T, Shaffer J P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 819
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang L J, Bao S X, Zhang H, Raithel G, Zhao J M, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2018 Opt. Express 26 29931
Google Scholar
[8] Tanasittikosol M, Pritchard J D, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill K J, Potvliege R M, Adams C S 2011 J. Phys. B 44 184020
Google Scholar
[9] Miller S A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2016 New J. Phys. 18 053017
Google Scholar
[10] Bason M G, Tanasittikosol M, Sargsyan A, Mohapatra A K, Sarkisyan D, Potvliege R M, Adams C S 2010 New J. Phys. 12 065015
Google Scholar
[11] He J, Liu Q, Yang Z, Niu Q Q, Ban X J, Wang J M 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 063120
Google Scholar
[12] Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C 2021 Phys. Rev. Appl. 15 014053
Google Scholar
[13] Kumar S, Fan H, Kübler H, Jahangiri A J, Shaffer J P 2017 Opt. Express 25 8625
Google Scholar
[14] Gordon J A, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Holloway C L 2019 AIP Adv. 9 045030
[15] Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911
Google Scholar
[16] Ding D S, Liu Z K, Shi B S, Guo G C, Mølmer K, Adams C S 2022 Nat. Phys. 18 1447
Google Scholar
[17] Cai M H, You S H, Zhang S S, Xu Z S, Liu H P 2023 Appl. Phys. Lett. 122 161103
Google Scholar
[18] Mohapatra A K, Bason M G, Butscher B, Weatherill K J, Adams C S 2008 Nature Phys. 4 890
Google Scholar
[19] Viteau M, Radogostowicz J, Bason M G, Malossi N, Ciampini D, Morsch O, Arimondo E 2011 Opt. Express 19 6007
Google Scholar
[20] Jau Y Y, Carter T 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 054034
Google Scholar
[21] Carter J D, Cherry O, Martin J D D 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 053401
Google Scholar
[22] Hankin A M, Jau Y Y, Parazzoli L P, Chou C W, Armstrong D J, Landahl A J, Biedermann G W 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 033416
Google Scholar
[23] Ma L, Paradis E, Raithel G 2020 Opt. Express 28 3676
Google Scholar
[24] Bai J, Liu S, Wang J, He J, Wang J 2019 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 26 1
Google Scholar
[25] 杜艺杰, 丛楠, 何军, 杨仁福 2022 导航与控制 21 192
Du Y J, Cong N, He J, Yang R F 2022 Nav. Ctrl. 21 192
[26] Li L, Jiao Y C, Hu J L, Li H Q, Shi M, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2023 Opt. Express 31 29228
Google Scholar
[27] Ding D S, Busche H, Shi B S, Guo G C, Adams C S 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 021023
Google Scholar
[28] Manzano D 2020 Aip Adv. 10 025106
Google Scholar
[29] Noh H R, Moon H S 2009 Phys. Rev. A 80 022509
Google Scholar
[30] Anisimov P M, Dowling J P, Sanders B C 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 163604
Google Scholar
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