Measurement of microwave electric field based on electromagnetically induced transparency by using cold Rydberg atoms

Zhou Fei; Jia Feng-Dong; Liu Xiu-Bin; Zhang Jian; Xie Feng; Zhong Zhi-Ping

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222059

Abstract

Microwave electric fields are measured by using cold Rydberg atoms. We obtain spindle-shaped cold atomic clouds in a magneto-optical trap and then pump the cold atoms to quantum state 5S_1/2, F = 2, m_F = 2 by using an optical-pump laser. We obtain the Rydberg electromagnetic induction transparency (EIT) spectrum peak with narrow linewidth by the low temperature and small residual Doppler broadening. The results show that the typical EIT linewidth with 16 μK cold atoms is about 460 kHz which is 15 times narrower than that of 7 MHz obtained in the thermal vapor cell. The microwave electric field amplitude is measured by Autler-Townes splitting (EIT-AT splitting) in the cold atoms at frequencies of 9.2, 14.2 and 22.1 GHz, receptively. The results show that there is a good linear relationship between the EIT-AT splitting interval and the microwave electric field amplitude. The lower limit of the microwave electric field amplitude that can be measured in the linear region can reach as low as 222 μV/cm, which is about 22 times larger than the lower limit in the traditional thermal vapor cell about of 5 mV/cm. The improvement of the lower limit by EIT-AT splitting method is roughly proportional to the narrowing EIT line width by cold atom samples. This demonstrates that benefiting from the smaller residual Doppler effect and the narrower EIT linewidth in cold atoms, the cold atom system is more advantageous in the experimental measuring of the weak microwave electric field amplitude by using the EIT-AT splitting method. This is of great benefit to the absolute calibration of very weak microwave electric fields. Furthermore, the lower limit of the microwave electric field amplitude that can be measured is smaller than 1 μV/cm by using the change of transmittance of the prober laser at the EIT resonance, and the corresponding sensitivity can reach 1 μV·cm^–1·Hz^–1/2. These results demonstrate the advantages of cold atomic sample in microwave electric field measurement and its absolute calibration.

Keywords:

microwave electric field Sensor /
Rydberg atom /
electromagnetically induced transparency

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
2.
Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3.
China and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Corresponding author: Jia Feng-Dong, fdjia@ucas.ac.cn ; Xie Feng, fxie@tsinghua.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant No. 1212014), the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDPB08-3), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2017YFA0304900, 2017YFA0402300).

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Song Z F, Liu H P, X C Liu, Zhang W F, Zou H Y, Zhang J, Qu J F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8848 Google Scholar
[2]	Wu B H, Chuang Y W, Chen Y H, Yu J C, Chang M S, Yu I A 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 9726 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhang L J, Jia Y, Jing M Y, Guo L P, Zhang H, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2019 Laser Phys. 29 035701 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhou J, Zhang C, Liu Q, You J, Zheng X, Cheng X, Jiang T 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2797 Google Scholar
[5]	Wang Q, Yu L, Gao H, Chu S, Peng W 2019 Opt. Express 27 35012 Google Scholar
[6]	Wei Z, Li X, Zhong N, Tan X, Zhang X, Liu H, Meng H, Liang R 2017 Plasmonics 12 641 Google Scholar
[7]	Bao S X, Zhang H, Zhou J, Zhang L J, Zhao J M, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 043822 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhang L J, Bao S X, Zhang H, Raithel G, Zhao J M, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2018 Opt. Express 26 29931 Google Scholar
[9]	Xue Y M, Hao L P, Jiao Y C, Han X X, Bai S Y, Zhao J M, Raithel G 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 053426 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng H, Wang H M, Zhang S S, Xin P P, Luo J, Liu H P 2017 Opt. Express 25 33575 Google Scholar
[11]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Low T R, Shaffer J P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 819 Google Scholar
[12]	Pritchard J D, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill K J, Jones M P A, Adams C S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 193603 Google Scholar
[13]	Fan H, Kumar S, Sedlacek J, Kübler H, Karimkashi S, Shaffer J P 2015 J. Phys. B 48 202001 Google Scholar
[14]	Artusio-Glimpse A B, Simons M T, Holloway C L, 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 023704 Google Scholar
[15]	Jia F D, Liu X B, Mei J, Yu Y H, Zhang H Y, Lin Z Q, Dong H Y, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 063113 Google Scholar
[16]	Jing M, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Xiao L, Jia S 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911 Google Scholar
[17]	Kominis K, Kornack T W, Allred J C, Romalis M V 2003 Nature (London) 422 596 Google Scholar
[18]	黄巍, 梁振涛, 杜炎雄, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2015 64 160702 Google Scholar Huang W, Liang Z T, Du Y X, Yan H, Zhu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 160702 Google Scholar
[19]	樊佳蓓, 郝丽萍, 白景旭, 焦月春, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2021 70 063201 Google Scholar Fan J B, Hao L P, Bai J X, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 063201 Google Scholar
[20]	陈志文, 佘圳跃, 廖开宇, 黄巍, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2021 70 060702 Google Scholar Chen Z W, She Z Y, Liao K Y, Huang W, Yan H, Zhu S L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 060702 Google Scholar
[21]	樊佳蓓, 焦月春, 郝丽萍, 薛咏梅, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2018 67 093201 Google Scholar Fan J B, Jiao Y C, Hao L P, Xue Y M, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 093201 Google Scholar
[22]	焦月春, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2018 67 073201 Google Scholar Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 073201 Google Scholar
[23]	刘强, 何军, 王军民 2021 70 163202 Google Scholar Liu Q, He J, Wang J M 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 163202 Google Scholar
[24]	裴栋梁, 何军, 王杰英, 王家超, 王军民 2017 66 193701 Google Scholar Pei D L, He J, Wang J Y, Wang J C, Wang J M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 193701 Google Scholar
[25]	薛咏梅, 郝丽萍, 焦月春, 韩小萱, 白素英, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2017 66 213201 Google Scholar Xue Y M, Hao L P, Jiao Y C, Han X X, Bai S Y, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 213201 Google Scholar
[26]	薛咏梅, 郝丽萍, 焦月春, 韩小萱, 白素英, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2017 66 243201 Google Scholar Yan L Y, Liu J S, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 243201 Google Scholar
[27]	Fan J B, He Y H, Jiao Y C, Hao L P, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 034207 Google Scholar
[28]	Hao L P, Xue Y M, Fan J B, Bai J X, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 033201 Google Scholar
[29]	Hao L P, Xue Y M, Fan J B, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 053202 Google Scholar
[30]	Hu L, Hu X M, Hu Q P 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 064211 Google Scholar
[31]	Liu X B, Jia F D, Zhang H Y, Mei J, Liang W C, Zhou F, Yu Y H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 090703 Google Scholar
[32]	Wu X L, Liang X H, Tian Y Q, Yang F, Chen C, Liu Y C, Tey M K, You L 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 020305 Google Scholar
[33]	Zhai S Y, Wu J H 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 074206 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang L J, Liu J S, Jia Y, Zhang H, Song Z F, Jia S T 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 033201 Google Scholar
[35]	Ahmed E, Lyyra A M 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 053407 Google Scholar
[36]	Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Dienstfrey A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 233106 Google Scholar
[37]	Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Andrew S, Anderson D A, Miller S, Thaicharoen N, and Raithel G, 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 024104 Google Scholar
[38]	Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Andrew S, David A A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 244102 Google Scholar
[39]	Simons M T, Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Raithel G 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 174101 Google Scholar
[40]	Liu X B, Jia F D, Zhang H Y, Mei J, Yu Y H, Liang W C, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2021 AIP Adv. 11 085127 Google Scholar
[41]	Simons M T, Artusio-Glimpse A B, Holloway C L, Imhof E, Jefferts S R, Wyllie R, Sawyer B C, Walker T G 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 032824 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhou F, Jia F D, Mei J, Liu X B, Zhang H Y, Yu Y H, Liang W C, Qin J W, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2022 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 55 075501 Google Scholar
[43]	Liao K Y, Tu H T, Yang S Z, Chen C J, Liu X H, Liang J, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053432 Google Scholar
[44]	Tanasittikosol M, Pritchard J D, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill K J, Potvliege R M, Adams C S 2011 J. Phys. B 44 184020 Google Scholar
[45]	Ji Z, Jiao Y, Xue Y, Hao L, Zhao J, Jia S 2021 Opt. Express 29 11406
[46]	Jia F D, Yu Y H, Liu X B, Zhang Xi, Zhang L, Wang F, Mei J, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 2108 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 冷原子里德堡EIT的实验装置示意图. 一对方形梯度磁场线圈和三对MOT冷却光/再泵浦光将原子囚禁成一个长条形的冷原子云. 一对亥姆霍兹线圈(Bias 线圈)提供一个与冷原子云长轴方向平行的均匀弱磁场, 作为量子化轴. 探测光和耦合光相对传输, 并调整到与冷原子云长轴重合, 实验中利用1/4玻片将探测光和耦合光的偏振分别调节为σ⁺ 和σ ^–.

Figure 1. Scheme of the cold Atom Rydberg EIT-AT experiments. A pair of square gradient magnetic field coils and three pairs of MOT light are used to cool and trap a cigar-shaped atom cloud. The Bias coil is used to provide a uniform weak magnetic field parallel to the long axis of the elongated cold atom cloud as the quantization axis. In the experiment, a 1/4 wave plate is used to change the polarization of the probe laser and coupling laser into σ⁺ and σ^–.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 冷原子样品制备的时序图及EIT-AT的实验过程

Figure 2. Time schedule of preparation of cold atomic sample and procedure of EIT-AT experiments.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 本文进行微波测量所用到的能级图　(a) 微波频率为14.2 GHz时的能级图 (b) 微波频率为9.2 GHz时的能级图 (c) 微波频率为22. 1 GHz时的能级图

Figure 3. Atomic energy level schemes of microwave measurements: (a) Atomic energy level scheme for microwave frequency at 14.2 GHz; (b) atomic energy level scheme of for microwave frequency at 9.2 GHz; (c) atomic energy level scheme of for microwave frequency at 22.1 GHz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 冷原子中典型的EIT-AT分裂光谱. 图中的黄色、紫色、绿色、蓝色、红色和黑色曲线自上而下分别代表微波电场强度为0.007, 0.558, 1.114, 2.222, 3.523和5.583 mV/cm 时的测量结果. 冷原子实验中探测光的强度和光斑直径为500 nW和100 μm, 耦合光强度和光斑直径为60 mW和300 μm.

Figure 4. Examples EIT-AT splitting spectra obtained in cold atoms with different microwave intensities. The yellow, purple, green, blue, red and black curves in the figure represent the measurement results when the microwave electric field intensity is 0.007, 0.558, 1.114, 2.222, 3.523 and 5.583 mV /cm, respectively. In the cold atom experiment, the power and diameter of the probe laser are 500 nW and 100 μm, respectively, the power and diameter of the coupling laser are 60 mW and 300 μm, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 微波频率为14.2 GHz时, 冷原子和热原子EIT-AT分裂测量结果的比较. 图中蓝色方框代表冷原子测量结果, 红色圆圈代表热原子测量结果. 具体实验参数如下: 冷原子实验中探测光的强度和光斑直径分别为500 nW和100 μm, 耦合光强度和光斑直径分别为60 mW和300 μm. 热原子实验中探测光的强度和光斑直径分别为60 μW和800 μm, 耦合光强度和光斑直径分别为40 mW 和900 μm. 热原子实验数据来自^[15]

Figure 5. Comparison of EIT-AT splitting measurements results in cold and thermal atoms samples at microwave frequency of 14.2 GHz. The blue boxes represent the results in cold atomic sample and the red circles represent the results in hot atomic sample. The experimental parameters are as follows: In the cold atom experiment, the power and diameter of the probe laser are 500 nW and 100 μm, the power and diameter of the coupling laser are 60 mW and 300 μm; In the thermal atom experiment, the power and diameter of the probe laser are 60 μW and 800 μm, the power and diameter of the coupling laser are 40 mW and 900 μm. The data of the thermal atom experiment are taken from^[15].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 9.2 GHz的微波测量结果　(a) 通过EIT-AT分裂测量的结果, 蓝色方框代表实验结果, 测量线性区的下限可以到 (300±30) μV/cm. 红色实线代表线性公式(1)式的计算结果; (b) 通过EIT透明峰的探测光透过率测量的结果, 蓝色方框代表实验结果, 红色实线代表四能级模型结合多普勒效应的数值计算结果^[42]. 测量下限可以到(656±60 n) V/cm

Figure 6. Microwave measurement results at 9.2 GHz by cold atoms: (a) Results measured by the EIT-AT splitting, the blue boxes represent the experimental results, the lower limit of the measurement linear region can achieve (300±30) μV/cm. The solid red line represents the calculation results of Eq. (1). (b) The measured results of the transmittance of the probe laser of the EIT peak. The blue boxes represent the experimental results and the red solid line represents the numerical calculation results of the four-level model combined with the Doppler effect ^[42]. The lower measurement limit can be achieved as (656±60) nV/cm.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 22.1 GHz的微波测量结果　(a) 通过EIT-AT分裂测量的结果, 蓝色方框代表实验结果, 线性区的下限可以测到 (312±20) μV/cm. 红色实线代表线性公式(1)的计算结果; (b) 通过探测光的透过率测量的结果, 蓝色方框代表实验结果, 红色实线代表四能级模型结合多普勒效应的数值计算结果, 测量的下限可以到 (297±21) nV/cm, 相应的灵敏度可达到1 μV·cm^–1·Hz^–1/2

Figure 7. Microwave measurement results at 22.1 GHz by cold atoms: (a) Results measured by the EIT-AT splitting, the blue boxes represent the experimental results, the lower limit of the measurement linear region can achieve (312±20) μV/cm. The solid red line represents the calculation results of Eq. (1). (b) The measured results of the transmittance of the probe laser of the EIT transparency peak. The blue boxes represent the experimental results and the red solid line represents the numerical calculation results of the four-level model combined with the Doppler effect ^[42]. The lower measurement limit can be achieved (297±21) nV/cm. The corresponding sensitivity can reach 1 μV·cm^–1·Hz^–1/2.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Song Z F, Liu H P, X C Liu, Zhang W F, Zou H Y, Zhang J, Qu J F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8848 Google Scholar
[2]	Wu B H, Chuang Y W, Chen Y H, Yu J C, Chang M S, Yu I A 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 9726 Google Scholar
[3]	Zhang L J, Jia Y, Jing M Y, Guo L P, Zhang H, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2019 Laser Phys. 29 035701 Google Scholar
[4]	Zhou J, Zhang C, Liu Q, You J, Zheng X, Cheng X, Jiang T 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2797 Google Scholar
[5]	Wang Q, Yu L, Gao H, Chu S, Peng W 2019 Opt. Express 27 35012 Google Scholar
[6]	Wei Z, Li X, Zhong N, Tan X, Zhang X, Liu H, Meng H, Liang R 2017 Plasmonics 12 641 Google Scholar
[7]	Bao S X, Zhang H, Zhou J, Zhang L J, Zhao J M, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 043822 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhang L J, Bao S X, Zhang H, Raithel G, Zhao J M, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2018 Opt. Express 26 29931 Google Scholar
[9]	Xue Y M, Hao L P, Jiao Y C, Han X X, Bai S Y, Zhao J M, Raithel G 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 053426 Google Scholar
[10]	Cheng H, Wang H M, Zhang S S, Xin P P, Luo J, Liu H P 2017 Opt. Express 25 33575 Google Scholar
[11]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Low T R, Shaffer J P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 819 Google Scholar
[12]	Pritchard J D, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill K J, Jones M P A, Adams C S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 193603 Google Scholar
[13]	Fan H, Kumar S, Sedlacek J, Kübler H, Karimkashi S, Shaffer J P 2015 J. Phys. B 48 202001 Google Scholar
[14]	Artusio-Glimpse A B, Simons M T, Holloway C L, 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 023704 Google Scholar
[15]	Jia F D, Liu X B, Mei J, Yu Y H, Zhang H Y, Lin Z Q, Dong H Y, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 063113 Google Scholar
[16]	Jing M, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Xiao L, Jia S 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911 Google Scholar
[17]	Kominis K, Kornack T W, Allred J C, Romalis M V 2003 Nature (London) 422 596 Google Scholar
[18]	黄巍, 梁振涛, 杜炎雄, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2015 64 160702 Google Scholar Huang W, Liang Z T, Du Y X, Yan H, Zhu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 160702 Google Scholar
[19]	樊佳蓓, 郝丽萍, 白景旭, 焦月春, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2021 70 063201 Google Scholar Fan J B, Hao L P, Bai J X, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 063201 Google Scholar
[20]	陈志文, 佘圳跃, 廖开宇, 黄巍, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2021 70 060702 Google Scholar Chen Z W, She Z Y, Liao K Y, Huang W, Yan H, Zhu S L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 060702 Google Scholar
[21]	樊佳蓓, 焦月春, 郝丽萍, 薛咏梅, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2018 67 093201 Google Scholar Fan J B, Jiao Y C, Hao L P, Xue Y M, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 093201 Google Scholar
[22]	焦月春, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2018 67 073201 Google Scholar Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 073201 Google Scholar
[23]	刘强, 何军, 王军民 2021 70 163202 Google Scholar Liu Q, He J, Wang J M 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 163202 Google Scholar
[24]	裴栋梁, 何军, 王杰英, 王家超, 王军民 2017 66 193701 Google Scholar Pei D L, He J, Wang J Y, Wang J C, Wang J M 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 193701 Google Scholar
[25]	薛咏梅, 郝丽萍, 焦月春, 韩小萱, 白素英, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2017 66 213201 Google Scholar Xue Y M, Hao L P, Jiao Y C, Han X X, Bai S Y, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 213201 Google Scholar
[26]	薛咏梅, 郝丽萍, 焦月春, 韩小萱, 白素英, 赵建明, 贾锁堂 2017 66 243201 Google Scholar Yan L Y, Liu J S, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 243201 Google Scholar
[27]	Fan J B, He Y H, Jiao Y C, Hao L P, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 034207 Google Scholar
[28]	Hao L P, Xue Y M, Fan J B, Bai J X, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 033201 Google Scholar
[29]	Hao L P, Xue Y M, Fan J B, Jiao Y C, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 053202 Google Scholar
[30]	Hu L, Hu X M, Hu Q P 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 064211 Google Scholar
[31]	Liu X B, Jia F D, Zhang H Y, Mei J, Liang W C, Zhou F, Yu Y H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 090703 Google Scholar
[32]	Wu X L, Liang X H, Tian Y Q, Yang F, Chen C, Liu Y C, Tey M K, You L 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 020305 Google Scholar
[33]	Zhai S Y, Wu J H 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 074206 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang L J, Liu J S, Jia Y, Zhang H, Song Z F, Jia S T 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 033201 Google Scholar
[35]	Ahmed E, Lyyra A M 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 053407 Google Scholar
[36]	Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Dienstfrey A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 233106 Google Scholar
[37]	Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Andrew S, Anderson D A, Miller S, Thaicharoen N, and Raithel G, 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 024104 Google Scholar
[38]	Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Andrew S, David A A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 244102 Google Scholar
[39]	Simons M T, Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Raithel G 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 174101 Google Scholar
[40]	Liu X B, Jia F D, Zhang H Y, Mei J, Yu Y H, Liang W C, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2021 AIP Adv. 11 085127 Google Scholar
[41]	Simons M T, Artusio-Glimpse A B, Holloway C L, Imhof E, Jefferts S R, Wyllie R, Sawyer B C, Walker T G 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 032824 Google Scholar
[42]	Zhou F, Jia F D, Mei J, Liu X B, Zhang H Y, Yu Y H, Liang W C, Qin J W, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2022 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 55 075501 Google Scholar
[43]	Liao K Y, Tu H T, Yang S Z, Chen C J, Liu X H, Liang J, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053432 Google Scholar
[44]	Tanasittikosol M, Pritchard J D, Maxwell D, Gauguet A, Weatherill K J, Potvliege R M, Adams C S 2011 J. Phys. B 44 184020 Google Scholar
[45]	Ji Z, Jiao Y, Xue Y, Hao L, Zhao J, Jia S 2021 Opt. Express 29 11406
[46]	Jia F D, Yu Y H, Liu X B, Zhang Xi, Zhang L, Wang F, Mei J, Zhang J, Xie F, Zhong Z P 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 2108 Google Scholar

[1]	Xia Gang, Zhang Ya-Peng, Tang Jing-Wen, Li Chun-Yan, Wu Chun-Wang, Zhang Jie, Zhou Yan-Li. Metastable dynamics of Rydberg atomic system under electromagnetically induced transparency. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(10): 104203. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240233
[2]	Wu Feng-Chuan, An Qiang, Yao Jia-Wei, Fu Yun-Qi. Research on intrinsic expansion coefficients in Rydberg atomic heterodyne receiving link. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(4): 047401. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222091
[3]	Bai Wen-Jie, Yan Dong, Han Hai-Yan, Hua Shuo, Gu Kai-Hui. Correlated dynamics of three-body Rydberg superatoms. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(1): 014202. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211284
[4]	Pei Li-Ya, Zheng Shi-Yang, Niu Jin-Yan. Λ-type electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption by controlling atomic coherence. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(22): 224201. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220950
[5]	Yan Dong, Wang Bin-Bin, Bai Wen-Jie, Liu Bing, Du Xiu-Guo, Ren Chun-Nian. Phase in Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(8): 084203. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20181938
[6]	Yang Zhi-Wei, Jiao Yue-Chun, Han Xiao-Xuan, Zhao Jian-Ming, Jia Suo-Tang. Electromagnetically induced transparency of a cesium Rydberg atom in weak radio-frequency field. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(9): 093202. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.093202
[7]	Chen Qiu-Cheng. Nonlinear Faraday rotation in electromagnetically induced transparency medium of semiconductor three quantum dots. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(24): 247801. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.247801
[8]	Yang Zhi-Wei, Jiao Yue-Chun, Han Xiao-Xuan, Zhao Jian-Ming, Jia Suo-Tang. Electromagnetically induced transparency of Rydberg atoms in modulated laser fields. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(10): 103201. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.103201
[9]	Bai Jin-Hai, Lu Xiao-Gang, Miao Xing-Xu, Pei Li-Ya, Wang Meng, Gao Yan-Lei, Wang Ru-Quan, Wu Ling-An, Fu Pan-Ming, Zuo Zhan-Chun. Analysis on the absorption curve asymmetry of electromagnetically induced transparency in Rb87 cold atoms. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(3): 034206. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.034206
[10]	Wang Meng, Bai Jin-Hai, Pei Li-Ya, Lu Xiao-Gang, Gao Yan-Lei, Wang Ru-Quan, Wu Ling-An, Yang Shi-Ping, Pang Zhao-Guang, Fu Pan-Ming, Zuo Zhan-Chun. Electromagnetically induced transparency in a near-resonance coupling field. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(15): 154208. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.154208
[11]	Huang Wei, Liang Zhen-Tao, Du Yan-Xiong, Yan Hui, Zhu Shi-Liang. Rydberg-atom-based electrometry. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(16): 160702. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.160702
[12]	Zhao Hu, Li Tie-Fu, Liu Jian-She, Chen Wei. Progress of electromagnetically induced transparency based on superconducting qubits. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(15): 154214. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.154214
[13]	Qiu Tian-Hui, Yang Guo-Jian. Electromagnetically induced grating in a Λ-type three-level atomic system modulated by a microwave field. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(1): 014205. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.014205
[14]	She Yan-Chao, Zhang Wei-Xi, Wang Deng-Long. Nonlinear Faraday rotation in electromagnetically induce transparency medium. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(6): 064205. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.064205
[15]	She Yan-Chao, Wang Deng-Long, Ding Jian-Wen. Spatial weak-light ring dark solitons in an electromagnetically induced transparency medium. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(5): 3198-3202. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.3198
[16]	Zhuang Fei, Shen Jian-Qi, Ye Jun. Controlling the photonic bandgap structures via manipulation of refractive index of electromagnetically induced transparency vapor. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(1): 541-545. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.541
[17]	Yao Ming, Zhu Ka-Di, Yuan Xiao-Zhong, Jiang Yi-Wen, Wu Zhuo-Jie. Phonon mediated electromagnetically induced transparency and ultraslow light in strongly coupled exciton-phonon systems. Acta Physica Sinica, 2006, 55(4): 1769-1773. doi: 10.7498/aps.55.1769
[18]	Zhao Jian-Ming, Zhao Yan-Ting, Huang Tao, Xiao Lian-Tuan, Jia Suo-Tang. Experimental investigation of electromagnetically induced transparency with double-pumping lasers. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(4): 1023-1026. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.1023
[19]	Liu Zheng-Dong, Wu Qiang. Electromagnetically induced transparency in a four-level atomic system driven by three coupled fields. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(9): 2970-2973. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.2970
[20]	Li Yong-Fang, Sun Jian-Feng. Ultra-narrow electromagnetically induced transparency and inversionless gain in a ladder-four-level system. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(3): 547-555. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.547

Catalog

Vol. 72, Issue 4 - 2023-02-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 4973
PDF Downloads: 198
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板