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The quantum microwave measurement technology based on Rydberg atoms has developed rapidly and received widespread attention. It has shown significant advantages such as probe size independent of wavelength and broad spectrum measurement. Fiber-coupled vapor cell probe is one of the key technologies for portable quantum microwave measurement systems. The existing two-port fiber-coupled probe shares the graded index (GRIN) lens and optical fibers for outputting detection light with inputting coupling light, which limits light transmission efficiency of the detection light to 17%. Under these conditions, the power of the inputting detection light must be increased to ensure sufficient power to output the detection light, causing the electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) spectrum to broaden to 11 MHz, ultimately resulting in reduced measurement sensitivity. In this work, we propose a three-port fiber-coupled atomic gas chamber probe with an integrated dichroic mirror. On condition that the detection light and coupling light are transmitted in opposite directions and overlap in the vapor cell, the outgoing detection light is separated into two beams; one goes to an individual GRIN lens and the other to the output fiber, and the detection light transmission efficiency is 40.4%, and the half-height width of the EIT spectrum is reduced to 6 MHz. The probe is used to measure the microwave electric field intensity and phase; its effectiveness is verified by its ability to receive QPSK, 16QAM digitally modulated signals.
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Keywords:
- Rydberg atom /
- vapor cell /
- fiber /
- communication
[1] Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 024104
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Fu Y Q, Lin Y, Wu B, An Q, Liu Y 2022 Chin. J. Radio Sin. 37 279
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Huang W, Liang Z T, Du Y X, Yan H, Zhu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 160702
Google Scholar
[4] Mohapatra A K, Bason M G, Butscher B, Weatherill K J, Adams C S 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 890
Google Scholar
[5] Jau Y Y, Carter T 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 054034
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[7] Simons M T, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 6456
Google Scholar
[8] Anderson D A, Raithel G A, Paradis E G, Sapiro R E 2020 US Patent US10823775B2 [2020-11-3]
[9] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Williams C J, Holloway M W 2019 AIP Adv. 9 065110
Google Scholar
[10] Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2455
Google Scholar
[11] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Novotny D, Holloway C L 2019 IEEE Access 7 164975
Google Scholar
[12] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Novotny D 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 1853
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[14] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 114101
Google Scholar
[15] Šibalić N, Pritchard J D, Adams C S, Weatherill K J 2017 Computer Phys. Commun. 220 319
Google Scholar
[16] Robinson A K, Artusio-Glimpse A B, Simons M T, Holloway C L 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 023704
Google Scholar
[17] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Wilson P F, Cooke C M, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 IEEE Trans. Electro. Compa. 59 717
Google Scholar
[18] Fan H, Kumar S, Sheng J, Shaffer J P, Holloway C L, Gordon J A 2015 Phys. Rev. Appl. 4 044015
Google Scholar
[19] McKinley M D, Remley K A, Myslinski M, Kenney J S, Schreurs D, Nauwelaers B 2004 64th ARFTG Conference Orlando, December 3, 2004 pp45–52
[20] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Dienstfrey A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 233106
Google Scholar
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图 1 三端口光纤耦合原子气室探头
Figure 1. Three-port fiber-coupled vapor cell probe.
图 2 三端口光纤耦合原子气室探头测量实验 (a)系统示意框图; (b)测试场景
Figure 2. Three-port fiber-coupled vapor cell probe measurement experiment: (a) Schematic block diagram of the system; (b) experiment scenario.
图 3 原子气室内的电场分布仿真结果 (a) fLO = 9.945 GHz, yoz平面电场强度分布; (b)电场强度随频率的变化
Figure 3. Simulated results of the electric field distribution inside the vapor cell: (a) Electric field intensity distribution in the yoz plane at fLO = 9.945 GHz; (b) the electric field intensity with variable frequency.
图 4 当G = 11.57 dB, R = 3 m 时, EIT-AT光谱测试结果
Figure 4. Experimental results of EIT-AT spectral at G = 11.57 dB, R = 3 m.
图 5 当fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz, |ELO| = 1.5 V/m时, 中频信号时域波形测试结果
Figure 5. Experimental results of IF signal time domain waveform at fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz, |ELO| = 1.5 V/m.
图 6 当fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz, |ELO| = 1.5 V/m, |ESIG| = 0.2 V/m时, 中频信号相位测试结果
Figure 6. Experimental results of IF signal phase at fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz, |ELO| = 1.5 V/m, |ESIG| = 0.2 V/m.
图 7 当fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz时, 2047个符号中频信号星座图的测试结果 (a) QPSK (10 kb/s); (b) QPSK (50 kb/s); (c) 16 QAM (10 kb/s); (d) 16 QAM (50 kb/s)
Figure 7. Experimental results of 2047 symbol stream for IF signal constellation diagram with fLO = 9.945 GHz, fSIG = 9.9451 GHz: (a) QPSK (10 kb/s); (b) QPSK (50 kb/s); (c) 16 QAM (10 kb/s); (d) 16 QAM (50 kb/s).
图 8 原子气室空间响应仿真结果 (a)立方形和(b)圆柱形原子气室的电场强度随入射角的变化; (c)空间响应平坦度随频率的变化
Figure 8. Simulated results of spatial response of vapor cell: Electric field intensity with variable incident angle for the (a) cubic and (b) cylindrical vapor cell; (c) spatial response flatness with variable frequency.
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[1] Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 024104
Google Scholar
[2] 付云起, 林沂, 武博, 安强, 刘燚 2022 电波科学学报 37 279
Google Scholar
Fu Y Q, Lin Y, Wu B, An Q, Liu Y 2022 Chin. J. Radio Sin. 37 279
Google Scholar
[3] 黄巍, 梁振涛, 杜炎雄, 颜 辉, 朱诗亮 2015 64 160702
Google Scholar
Huang W, Liang Z T, Du Y X, Yan H, Zhu S L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 160702
Google Scholar
[4] Mohapatra A K, Bason M G, Butscher B, Weatherill K J, Adams C S 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 890
Google Scholar
[5] Jau Y Y, Carter T 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 054034
Google Scholar
[6] Wade C G, Šibalić N, de Melo N R, Kondo J M, Adams C S, Weatherill K J 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 40
Google Scholar
[7] Simons M T, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2018 Appl. Opt. 57 6456
Google Scholar
[8] Anderson D A, Raithel G A, Paradis E G, Sapiro R E 2020 US Patent US10823775B2 [2020-11-3]
[9] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Williams C J, Holloway M W 2019 AIP Adv. 9 065110
Google Scholar
[10] Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2455
Google Scholar
[11] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Novotny D, Holloway C L 2019 IEEE Access 7 164975
Google Scholar
[12] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Novotny D 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 1853
Google Scholar
[13] Gordon J A, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Holloway C L 2019 AIP Adv. 9 045030
Google Scholar
[14] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 114101
Google Scholar
[15] Šibalić N, Pritchard J D, Adams C S, Weatherill K J 2017 Computer Phys. Commun. 220 319
Google Scholar
[16] Robinson A K, Artusio-Glimpse A B, Simons M T, Holloway C L 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 023704
Google Scholar
[17] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Wilson P F, Cooke C M, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 IEEE Trans. Electro. Compa. 59 717
Google Scholar
[18] Fan H, Kumar S, Sheng J, Shaffer J P, Holloway C L, Gordon J A 2015 Phys. Rev. Appl. 4 044015
Google Scholar
[19] McKinley M D, Remley K A, Myslinski M, Kenney J S, Schreurs D, Nauwelaers B 2004 64th ARFTG Conference Orlando, December 3, 2004 pp45–52
[20] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Dienstfrey A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 233106
Google Scholar
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