Magnesium doping improved  characteristics of high voltage cycle of layered cathode of sodium ion battery

Xu Wei-Liang; Dang Rong-Bin; Yang Yang; Guo Qiu-Bo; Ding Fei-Xiang; Han Shuai; Tang Xiao-Han; Liu Yuan; Zuo Zhan-Chun; Wang Xiao-Qi; Yang Rui; Jin Xu; Rong Xiao-Hui; Hong Juan; Xu Ning; Hu Yong-Sheng

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222098

Abstract

Driven by global demand for new energy, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have developed rapidly due to their competitive performance. Although LIBs show the advantages of high capacity and good cycling stability, their disadvantages such as uneven distribution of lithium resources are gradually exposed. Therefore, with abundant reserves, Na-ion batteries (NIB) have become one of the most promising solutions to make up for the deficiency of Li-ion battery. The NIBs layered oxide cathodes have the most potential applications of cathode material due to their high specific capacity (167 mAh·g^–1 in 2.4–4.3 V) and simple synthesis method. However, improving the cycling stability of layered cathode materials is one of the keys to their large-scale industrialization. To develop high capacity and cycling stability cathode materials, the Mg²⁺ is substituted for Ni²⁺ in NaNi_0.4Cu_0.1Mn_0.4Ti_0.1O₂ (NCMT), thereby obtaining a NaNi_0.35Mg_0.05Cu_0.1Mn_0.4Ti_0.1O₂ (NCMT-Mg) cathode material. The NCMT-Mg has a high reversible specific capacity of 165 mAh·g^–1 in a voltage window of 2.4–4.3 V. The reversible specific capacity of about 110 mAh·g^–1 at 0.1 C after 350 cycles with a capacity retention of 67.3% is about 13% higher than the counterpart of NCMT. The irreversible reaction is suppressed from P'3 phase to X phase for NCMT. The ex-XRD spectrometers further prove that the NCMT-Mg shows a P3 and X mixed phase after being initially charged to 4.3 V, but the NCMT shows an X phase. The irreversible phase transition is suppressed to increase the cycling stability. The inactive Mg²⁺ replaces Ni²⁺, reducing the charge compensation and stabilizing the structure, the inactive Mg²⁺ can activate the charge compensation of Ni²⁺/Cu²⁺. The electrochemical activity increases from 77% to 86%. The high capacity and excellent cycling stability prove that the NCMT-Mg structure remains intact after various current rates have been tested. The long cycling stability mechanism is further systematically studied by using various technologies. The present work will provide an important reference for developing high-performance Na-ion cathode materials.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Mechanical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
2.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3.
Research Center of New Energy, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development (RIPED) PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China

Corresponding author: Rong Xiao-Hui, rong@iphy.ac.cn ; Hong Juan, jameshong@ycit.cn ; Xu Ning, xuning196402@163.com ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51805466) and the R&D Department of PetroChina.

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	陆雅翔, 赵成龙, 容晓晖, 陈立泉, 胡勇胜 2018 67 120601 Google Scholar Lu Y X, Zhao C L, Rong X H, Chen L Q, Hu Y S 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 120601 Google Scholar
[2]	Li Y, Lu Y, Zhao C, Hu Y S, Titirici M M, Li H, Yong-Sheng H, Chen L 2017 Energy Storage Mater 7 130 Google Scholar
[3]	Ding F, Li J, Deng F, Xu G, Liu Y, Yang K, Kang F 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 27936 Google Scholar
[4]	Braconnier J, Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P 1980 Mater. Res. Bull. 15 1797 Google Scholar
[5]	Nagelberg A, Worrell W 1979 J. Solid State Chem. 29 345 Google Scholar
[6]	Whittingham M 1978 Prog Solid State Chem. 12 41 Google Scholar
[7]	Whittingham M S 1976 Science 192 1126 Google Scholar
[8]	Sun Y, Guo S, Zhou H 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 825 Google Scholar
[9]	Kubota K, Kumakura S, Yoda Y, Kuroki K, Komaba S 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703415 Google Scholar
[10]	Liu Q, Hu Z, Chen M, Zou C, Jin H, Wang S, Chou S L, Dou S X 2019 Small 15 1805381 Google Scholar
[11]	Bauer A, Song J, Vail S, Pan W, Barker J, Lu Y 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1702869 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang L, Lu Y, Liu J, Xu M, Cheng J, Zhang D, Goodenough J B 2013 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 1964 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang S, Wang L, Zhu Z, Hu Z, Zhao Q, Chen J. 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 5892 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang Q, Zhao C, Lu Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, Qi Y, Rong X, Jiang L, Qi X, Shao Y, Pan D, Li B, Hu Y S, Chen L 2017 Small 13 1701835 Google Scholar
[15]	Wang Y S, Xiao R J, Hu Y S, Avdeev M, Chen L Q 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6954 Google Scholar
[16]	Wu F, Zhao C, Chen S, Lu Y, Hou Y, Hu Y S, Maier J, Yu Y 2018 Mater. Today 21 960 Google Scholar
[17]	Xu S Y, Wu X Y, Li Y M, Hu Y S, Chen L Q 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 118202 Google Scholar
[18]	Li Y, Yang Z, Xu S, Mu L, Gu L, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen L 2015 Adv. Sci. 2 1500031 Google Scholar
[19]	Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P 1980 Physica B & C 99 81
[20]	穆林沁, 戚兴国, 胡勇胜, 李泓, 陈立泉, 黄学杰. 2016 储能科学与技术 5 324 Mu L Q, Qi X G, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen L Q, Huang X J 2016 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 5 324
[21]	Su D, Wang C, Ahn H J, Wang G 2013 Chem. Eur. J. 19 10884 Google Scholar
[22]	Caballero A, Hernan L, Morales J, Sanchez L, Pena J S, Aranda M A G 2002 J. Mater. Chem. 12 1142 Google Scholar
[23]	Rai A K, Anh L T, Gim J, Mathew V, Kim J 2014 Ceram. Int. 40 2411 Google Scholar
[24]	Xia X, Dahn J R 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 A1048 Google Scholar
[25]	Yang L, Sun S, Du K, Zhao H, Yan D, Yang H Y, Bai Y 2021 Ceram. Int. 47 28521 Google Scholar
[26]	Huang J Y, Yu T Y, Sun Y K 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 16854 Google Scholar
[27]	Hong N, Wu K, Peng Z, Zhu Z, Jia G, Wang M 2020 J. Phys. Chem. C 124 22925 Google Scholar
[28]	Pang W L, Zhang X H, Guo J Z, Li J Y, Yan X, Hou B H, Wu X L 2017 J. Power Sources 356 80 Google Scholar
[29]	Lee E, Lu J, Ren Y, Luo X, Zhang X, Wen J, Johnson C S 2014 Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1400458 Google Scholar
[30]	Zheng S, Zhong G, McDonald M J, Gong Z, Liu R, Wen W, Yang Y 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A 4 9054 Google Scholar
[31]	Natasha A C, Ma M, Xiao J, et al. 2006 MRS Online Proceedings Library 972 1
[32]	Yuan D D, Wang Y X, Cao Y L, Ai X P, Yang H X 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 8585 Google Scholar
[33]	Yabuuchi N, Yano M, Yoshida H, Kuze S, Komaba S 2013 J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 A3131 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhao H, Li J, Liu W, Xu H, Gao X, Shi J, Ding X 2021 Electrochim. Acta 388 138561 Google Scholar
[35]	Kubota K, Fujitani N, Yoda Y, Kuroki K, Tokita Y, Komaba S 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A 9 12830 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang X, Zhou Y N, Yu L, Zhang S Y, Xing X X, Wang W, Xu S 2021 Mater. Chem. Front. 5 5344 Google Scholar
[37]	Yao H R, Wang P F, Gong Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Gu L, Wan L J 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 8440 Google Scholar
[38]	Wang Q, Mariyappan S, Vergnet J, Abakumov A M, Rousse G, Rabuel F 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1901785 Google Scholar
[39]	Zhao C, Wang Q, Yao Z, Wang J, Sánchez-Lengeling B, Ding F, Hu Y S 2020 Science 370 708
[40]	Dang R, Li N, Yang Y, Wu K, Li Q, Lee Y L, Liu X F, Hu Z B, Xiao X 2020 J. Power Sources 464 228190 Google Scholar
[41]	彭佳悦, 祖晨曦, 李泓 2013 储能科学与技术 2 55 Google Scholar Peng J Y, Zu C X, Li H 2013 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2 55 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 样品NCMT (a)和NCMT-Mg (b)粉末材料的XRD衍射谱图. 样品NCMT (c)和NCMT-Mg (d)的SEM图以及对应于方框中颗粒表面不同元素的EDS分布图

Figure 1. XRD diffraction patterns of NCMT (a) and NCMT-Mg powder (b). SEM images of NCMT (c) and NCMT-Mg (d) particles, with EDS images of different elements with particles marked with squares.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a)—(d) 材料NCMT各元素轨道(Mn 3s, C 1s, Mn 2p, Ni 2p)的XPS测试结果图; (e)—(i) 材料NCMT-Mg各元素轨道(Mn 3s, C 1s, Mn 2p, Ni 2p, Mg 1s)的XPS测试结果图

Figure 2. The XPS spectra of (a)–(d) Mn 3s, C 1s, Mn 2p and Ni 2p of NCMT, and (e)–(i) Mn 3s, C 1s, Mn 2p, Ni 2p, Mg 1s of NCMT-Mg.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 NCMT和NCMT-Mg两种正极材料的电化学性能. 使用不同正极组装的电池NCMT (a)和NCMT-Mg (b) 的第1周, 和第10周、第50周、第100周和第350周充放电曲线((c), (d)); 在0.1 C电流倍率下两材料的循环性能((e), (f))

Figure 3. Electrochemical performance of NCMT and NCMT-Mg based batteries. The batteries are assembled using different samples NCMT (a) and NCMT-Mg (b) initial charge and discharge curves. The batteries are assembled using different samples (c) NCMT and (d) NCMT-Mg charge and discharge curves for the, 10 th, 50 th, 100 th, and 350 th cycles. Cycling performance of the (e) NCMT and (f) NCMT-Mg at 0.1 C.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 使用NCMT (a), NCMT-Mg (b) 组装的电池在2.4—4.3 V范围内前两周循环dQ/dV曲线; 使用NCMT (c), NCMT-Mg (d) 组装的电池充电至4.3 V的非原位XRD衍射图谱

Figure 4. dQ/dV curves of the first two cycles between 2.4 and 4.3 V of batteries assembled using different samples NCMT (a) and NCMT-Mg (b). Ex-XRD curves of the first to fifth cycles charge to 4.3 V of NCMT (c) and NCMT-Mg (d).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 两正极材料的倍率性能NCMT (a), NCMT-Mg (b); 使用不同样品NCMT (c), NCMT-Mg (d)组装的电池的第一周、第二周、第五周、第十周循环后的EIS结果

Figure 5. Rate capability of the NCMT (a) and NCMT-Mg (b) at various current densities. EIS results after the first, second, fifth, and tenth cycles of NCMT (c) and NCMT-Mg (d).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	陆雅翔, 赵成龙, 容晓晖, 陈立泉, 胡勇胜 2018 67 120601 Google Scholar Lu Y X, Zhao C L, Rong X H, Chen L Q, Hu Y S 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 120601 Google Scholar
[2]	Li Y, Lu Y, Zhao C, Hu Y S, Titirici M M, Li H, Yong-Sheng H, Chen L 2017 Energy Storage Mater 7 130 Google Scholar
[3]	Ding F, Li J, Deng F, Xu G, Liu Y, Yang K, Kang F 2017 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 27936 Google Scholar
[4]	Braconnier J, Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P 1980 Mater. Res. Bull. 15 1797 Google Scholar
[5]	Nagelberg A, Worrell W 1979 J. Solid State Chem. 29 345 Google Scholar
[6]	Whittingham M 1978 Prog Solid State Chem. 12 41 Google Scholar
[7]	Whittingham M S 1976 Science 192 1126 Google Scholar
[8]	Sun Y, Guo S, Zhou H 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 825 Google Scholar
[9]	Kubota K, Kumakura S, Yoda Y, Kuroki K, Komaba S 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703415 Google Scholar
[10]	Liu Q, Hu Z, Chen M, Zou C, Jin H, Wang S, Chou S L, Dou S X 2019 Small 15 1805381 Google Scholar
[11]	Bauer A, Song J, Vail S, Pan W, Barker J, Lu Y 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1702869 Google Scholar
[12]	Wang L, Lu Y, Liu J, Xu M, Cheng J, Zhang D, Goodenough J B 2013 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 1964 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang S, Wang L, Zhu Z, Hu Z, Zhao Q, Chen J. 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 5892 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang Q, Zhao C, Lu Y, Li Y, Zheng Y, Qi Y, Rong X, Jiang L, Qi X, Shao Y, Pan D, Li B, Hu Y S, Chen L 2017 Small 13 1701835 Google Scholar
[15]	Wang Y S, Xiao R J, Hu Y S, Avdeev M, Chen L Q 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6954 Google Scholar
[16]	Wu F, Zhao C, Chen S, Lu Y, Hou Y, Hu Y S, Maier J, Yu Y 2018 Mater. Today 21 960 Google Scholar
[17]	Xu S Y, Wu X Y, Li Y M, Hu Y S, Chen L Q 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 118202 Google Scholar
[18]	Li Y, Yang Z, Xu S, Mu L, Gu L, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen L 2015 Adv. Sci. 2 1500031 Google Scholar
[19]	Delmas C, Fouassier C, Hagenmuller P 1980 Physica B & C 99 81
[20]	穆林沁, 戚兴国, 胡勇胜, 李泓, 陈立泉, 黄学杰. 2016 储能科学与技术 5 324 Mu L Q, Qi X G, Hu Y S, Li H, Chen L Q, Huang X J 2016 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 5 324
[21]	Su D, Wang C, Ahn H J, Wang G 2013 Chem. Eur. J. 19 10884 Google Scholar
[22]	Caballero A, Hernan L, Morales J, Sanchez L, Pena J S, Aranda M A G 2002 J. Mater. Chem. 12 1142 Google Scholar
[23]	Rai A K, Anh L T, Gim J, Mathew V, Kim J 2014 Ceram. Int. 40 2411 Google Scholar
[24]	Xia X, Dahn J R 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 A1048 Google Scholar
[25]	Yang L, Sun S, Du K, Zhao H, Yan D, Yang H Y, Bai Y 2021 Ceram. Int. 47 28521 Google Scholar
[26]	Huang J Y, Yu T Y, Sun Y K 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 16854 Google Scholar
[27]	Hong N, Wu K, Peng Z, Zhu Z, Jia G, Wang M 2020 J. Phys. Chem. C 124 22925 Google Scholar
[28]	Pang W L, Zhang X H, Guo J Z, Li J Y, Yan X, Hou B H, Wu X L 2017 J. Power Sources 356 80 Google Scholar
[29]	Lee E, Lu J, Ren Y, Luo X, Zhang X, Wen J, Johnson C S 2014 Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1400458 Google Scholar
[30]	Zheng S, Zhong G, McDonald M J, Gong Z, Liu R, Wen W, Yang Y 2016 J. Mater. Chem. A 4 9054 Google Scholar
[31]	Natasha A C, Ma M, Xiao J, et al. 2006 MRS Online Proceedings Library 972 1
[32]	Yuan D D, Wang Y X, Cao Y L, Ai X P, Yang H X 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 8585 Google Scholar
[33]	Yabuuchi N, Yano M, Yoshida H, Kuze S, Komaba S 2013 J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 A3131 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhao H, Li J, Liu W, Xu H, Gao X, Shi J, Ding X 2021 Electrochim. Acta 388 138561 Google Scholar
[35]	Kubota K, Fujitani N, Yoda Y, Kuroki K, Tokita Y, Komaba S 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A 9 12830 Google Scholar
[36]	Zhang X, Zhou Y N, Yu L, Zhang S Y, Xing X X, Wang W, Xu S 2021 Mater. Chem. Front. 5 5344 Google Scholar
[37]	Yao H R, Wang P F, Gong Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Gu L, Wan L J 2017 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 8440 Google Scholar
[38]	Wang Q, Mariyappan S, Vergnet J, Abakumov A M, Rousse G, Rabuel F 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1901785 Google Scholar
[39]	Zhao C, Wang Q, Yao Z, Wang J, Sánchez-Lengeling B, Ding F, Hu Y S 2020 Science 370 708
[40]	Dang R, Li N, Yang Y, Wu K, Li Q, Lee Y L, Liu X F, Hu Z B, Xiao X 2020 J. Power Sources 464 228190 Google Scholar
[41]	彭佳悦, 祖晨曦, 李泓 2013 储能科学与技术 2 55 Google Scholar Peng J Y, Zu C X, Li H 2013 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2 55 Google Scholar

[1]	Qu Zi-Han, Zhao Yang, Ma Fei, You Jing-Bi. Preparation of high-performance large-area perovskite solar cells by atomic layer deposition of metal oxide buffer layer. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(9): 098802. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240218
[2]	Ran Pei-Lin, Wu Kang, Zhao En-Yue, Wang Fang-Wei, Wu Zhi-Min. Enhancing reversible capacity and cycling stability of Li_1.2Ni_0.13Fe_0.13Mn_0.54O₂ by inducing low Li/Ni misalignment through Mo doping. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(2): 028201. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231361
[3]	Yang Yuan, Hu Nai-Fang, Jin Yong-Cheng, Ma Jun, Cui Guang-Lei. Research advance of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(11): 118801. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230258
[4]	Yang Wen, Ding Qian-Yao, Zhai Dong-Mei, Bo Kai-Wen, Feng Yan-Yan, Wen Jie, He Fang. Fabrication and electrochemical properties of hollow cage-like nickel cobalt layered hydroxides with porous structure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(1): 018201. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20211100
[5]	Chen Si-Yu, Ye Xiao-Juan, Liu Chun-Sheng. Theoretical research of two-dimensional germanether in sodium-ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(22): 228202. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220572
[6]	Ding Fei-Xiang, Rong Xiao-Hui, Wang Hai-Bo, Yang Yang, Hu Zi-Lin, Dang Rong-Bin, Lu Ya-Xiang, Hu Yong-Sheng. Phase transitions of Na-ion layered oxide materials and their influence on properties. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(10): 108801. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220291
[7]	. Fabrication and electrochemical properties of hollow cage-like nickel cobalt layered hydroxides with porous structure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, (): . doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211100
[8]	Zhang Yong-Quan, Yao An-Quan, Yang Liu, Zhu Kai, Cao Dian-Xue. Preparation and electrochemical performance of sodium manganese oxides as cathode materials for aqueous Mg-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(16): 168201. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20202130
[9]	Jing Jing, Li Zhi-Peng, Lu Wei-Sheng, Wang Hong-Yu, Yang Zu-An, Yang Yi, Yin Qi-Sheng, Yang Fu-Ling, Shen Xiao-Ming, Zeng Jian-Min, Zhan Feng. Transparent conductive oxide film with antireflective properties for Cu₂ZnSnS₄ solar cells. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(23): 237801. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200897
[10]	Wang Wen-Xun, Ren Yan-Biao, Zhang Shi-Chao, Zhang Lin-Cai, Qi Jing-Bo, He Xiao-Wu. Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam with controllable defects by closed-environment chemical vapor deposition method and composite electrode electrochemical performance. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(14): 148101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200454
[11]	Lin Chuan-Jin, Zheng Feng, Zhu Zi-Zhong. Electronic structures and Li diffusion in cathode material Li₂FeO₂ of Li-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(15): 157201. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190213
[12]	Zheng Lu-Min, Zhong Shu-Ying, Xu Bo, Ouyang Chu-Ying. First-principles study of rare-earth-doped cathode materials Li₂MnO₃ in Li-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(13): 138201. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190509
[13]	Lu Ya-Xiang, Zhao Cheng-Long, Rong Xiao-Hui, Chen Li-Quan, Hu Yong-Sheng. Research progress of materials and devices for room-temperature Na-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(12): 120601. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180847
[14]	Feng Yan-Yan, Huang Hong-Bin, Zhang Xin-Ju, Yi Ya-Jun, Yang Wen. Synthesis and electrochemical properties of Ni-Co layered double hydroxides with high performance. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(24): 248202. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.248202
[15]	Ma Hao, Liu Lei, Lu Xue-Sen, Liu Su-Ping, Shi Jian-Ying. Electronic structure and transport properties of cathode material Li2FeSiO4 for lithium-ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(24): 248201. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.248201
[16]	Ren Xiao-Dong, Liu Jian-Jun, Zhang Wen-Qing. Strain effect on the intercalation potential of the layered Mn-contained lithium ion batteries cathode materials: a first principles method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(18): 183101. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.183101
[17]	Bai Ying, Wang Bei, Zhang Wei-Feng. Nano-LiNiO2 as cathode material for lithium ion battery synthesized by molten salt method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(6): 068202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.068202
[18]	Yue Min, Hu She-Jun, Hou Xian-Hua, Liang Qi, Peng Wei. Preparation and characterization of positive materials LiMn1-xFexPO4(0x<1) for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(3): 038202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.038202
[19]	Ouyang Chu-Ying, Hu Guo-Jin. Influence of surface effect to the performance of LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(8): 5863-5869. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.5863
[20]	He Ji-Zhou, Wang Lei, Li Jun-Bin. Influence of quantum degeneracy on the performance of a Stirling refrigeration cycle. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(1): 24-29. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.24

Catalog

Vol. 72, Issue 5 - 2023-03-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 7751
PDF Downloads: 255
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板