Ultrafast optical switches and pulse lasers based on strong nonlinear optical response of plasmon nanostructures

Zhang Duo-Duo; Liu Xiao-Feng; Qiu Jian-Rong

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200456

Abstract

Nonlinear optical (NLO) effects are ubiquitous in the interaction of light with different materials. However, the NLO responses of most materials are inherently weak due to the small NLO susceptibility and the limited interaction length with the incident light. In plasmonic nanostructures the optical field is confined near the surface of the structures, so that the electromagnetic field is greatly enhanced in a localized fashion by spectral resonance. This effect results in the enhancement of light-matter interaction and NLO response of the material. Ultrafast pulse lasers have been widely used in optical communication, precise measurement, biomedicine, military laser weapons and other important fields due to their excellent performances. Although commercial lasers become very matured, they can achieve ultra-high peak power and ultra-short pulse width and ultra-high repetition rate, but the ultra-fast pulses in the mid-to-far infrared band are seldom studied, so finding a saturable absorber material with excellent performance is of great significance for developing the pulsed lasers. In this paper, we review the recent research progress of the applications of exiton nanostructure in ultrafast optical switches and pulse lasers based on noble metal and non-noble metals. The metallic system mainly refers to gold and silver nanoparticles. For non-noble metals, we mainly introduce our researches of chalcogenide semiconductor, heavily doped oxide and titanium nitride. A variety of wide bandgap semiconductors can exhibit metal-like properties through doping. Since doping can form free carriers, when their size is reduced to a nanometer scale, they will show the characteristics of local surface plasmon resonance, thus realizing ultra-fast nonlinear optical response, and the concentration of doped carriers cannot reach the level of metal carriers, thus being able to effectively reduce the inter-band loss caused by excessively high carriers. Through pump probe detection and Z-scan testing, we found that these plasmonic nanostructures exhibit ultrafast NLO response in tunable resonance bandwidth, which has been utilized as a working material for developing the optical switch to generate the pulsed laser with duration down to a femtosecond range. These results take on their potential applications in ultrafast photonics. Finally, we make a comparison of the pros and cons among different plasmonic materials and present a perspective of the future development.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Corresponding author: Liu Xiao-Feng, xfliu@zju.edu.cn ; Qiu Jian-Rong, qjr@zju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the International Key R&D Project (Grant No. 2018YFB1107200) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61775192, 51772270)

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Cited By

图 1 锁模产生脉冲激光示意图^[3]

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the mechanism of mode-locking^[3].

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图 2 金属纳米颗粒中导电电子在外部电场作用下的集体振荡示意图^[41]

Figure 2. Schematic illustrating the collective oscillations of conduction electrons in response to an external electric field for nanoparticles^[41].

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图 3 LSPR共振峰位随材料载流子浓度的变化^[49]

Figure 3. LSPR frequency dependence on free carrier density and doping constraints^[49].

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图 4 金属纳米颗粒的光激发和弛豫　(a)—(d) 金属纳米颗粒在激光脉冲照射下的光激发和弛豫过程, 以及时间尺度的特征^[42]

Figure 4. Photoexcitation and relaxation of metallic nanoparticles: (a)−(d) Photoexcitation and subsequent relaxation processes following the illumination of a metal nanoparticle with a laser pulse, and characteristic timescales^[42].

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图 5 二能级系统的能级结构和受激吸收过程

Figure 5. Energy-level structure of a two-energy level system and the process of stimulated absorption.

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图 6 金纳米棒的吸收光谱和脉冲激光输出　(a) 金纳米棒的透射电子显微镜图, 插图是金纳米棒溶液的照片; (b) 金纳米棒的吸收光谱(400—3200 nm); (c) 时域有限差分方法对串联GNRs的LSPR特性的数值模拟; (d) Er³⁺:ZBLAN光纤激光器的装置示意图; (e) 波长可调的调Q脉冲输出光谱^[62]

Figure 6. Absorption spectrμm and pulse laser generation of Gold nanorods (GNRs): (a) Transmission electron microscope image, the inset of (a) shows the photograph of the GNRs solution; (b) absorption spectrum of GNRs from 400 to 3200 nm; (c) the finite-difference time-domain simulation results of the absorption cross section of one, two, three, and four GNRs concatenated; (d) experiment schematic of a tunable passively Q-switched Er³⁺:ZBLAN fiber laser using GNRs as the saturable absorber; (e) output spectrum of tunable passively Q-switched Er³⁺:ZBLAN fiber laser^[62].

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图 7 在1064 nm实现调Q被动锁模　(a) 离子注入实验示意图; (b) Ag:SiO₂的横截面透射电子显微镜图像, 银离子的通量为1.0 × 10¹⁷ cm^-2, 其中下左图为选区电子衍射图像, 下右图为元素映射图像; (c) 调Q被动锁模装置图; (d)单脉冲序列(左图), 基频射频谱(右图)^[64]

Figure 7. Experimental preparation and characterization of Q-switched mode-locked pulses at 1064 nm: (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental process; (b) cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image of the Ag:SiO₂ with Ag⁺ fluence of 1.0 × 10¹⁷ ions per cm², the selected area electron diffraction image and element mapping image are shown as the left and right insets; (c) schematic diagram of Q-switched mode-locking operation; (d) the single pulse profile (left image) and the radio-frequency spectrum (right image)^[64].

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图 8 金属氧化物中常见掺杂机制的示意图包含金属阳离子(橙色球体)和氧阴离子(红色球体)的基本晶格^[66]

Figure 8. Schematic representation of the common doping mechanisms in metal oxides relative to a basic lattice containing metal cations (orange spheres) and oxygen anions (red spheres)^[66].

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图 9 Cu_2–_xS溶胶纳米晶的非线性光学性质和相应脉冲激光器的性能　(a) Cu_2–_xS纳米晶的吸收光谱; (b) Cu_2–_xS和Cu₂S纳米颗粒在1300 nm处的Z扫描曲线; (c) Cu_2–_xS纳米晶薄膜的透过率和激光功率密度的关系; (d) 1550 nm锁模脉冲输出序列; (e) 脉冲的自相关谱; (f) 激光脉冲在基频的射频谱^[67]

Figure 9. Nonlinear properties of Cu_2–_xS nanocrystals and its ultrafast pulse generation: (a) Absorption spectrum of the synthesized nanocrystals; (b) typical Z-scan curves of Cu_2–_xS and Cu₂S nanocrystals recorded at 1300 nm; (c) corresponding input power-dependent transmission; (d) mode-locking pulse train; (e) autocorrelation trace; (f) the radio-frequency optical spectrum at the fundamental frequency^[67].

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图 10 ITO纳米颗粒在ENZ区域的光学非线性及超快瞬态光学响应　(a) ITO纳米颗粒的透射电子显微镜图, 插图为ITO溶胶纳米颗粒溶液和高分辨透射电子显微镜图; (b) 不同掺杂浓度的ITO纳米晶归一化消光光谱; (c) ITO纳米颗粒薄膜介电常数的实部与波长的关系; (d) ITO-12 PVA薄膜在1.3 μm处的Z扫描曲线, 其中作为对照, 给出了相同条件下的未掺杂的In₂O₃纳米晶薄膜的相应Z扫描曲线; (e) 不同抽运功率下, 旋涂于高纯石英片上的ITO-10纳米晶薄膜的瞬态吸收特性, 实线表示单次指数衰减函数的拟合结果^[70]

Figure 10. Nonlinear optical response and ultrafast transient optical response of the ITO nanocrystals in ENZ region: (a) Typical transmission electron microscope images of ITO nanocrystals, with an average diameter of about 9 nm, the inset shows a photograph of the colloidal solution of ITO nanocrystals and a high resolution transmission electron microscope image of a single ITO nanocrystals; (b) normalized optical extinction spectra of the ITO nanocrystals with different doping levels; (c) wavelength dependent real part of the permittivity of the spin-coated ITO nanocrystals thin films; (d) Z-scan trace of a PVA film containing ITO nanocrystals recorded at 1.3 μm, ITO-12 shows notable saturable absorption, as compared to the undoped In₂O₃; (e) transient bleaching dynamics of ITO-10 nanocrystals film (spin-coated on quartz slid) under different pump fluence. Solid line shows the fitting with a single exponential decay function^[70].

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图 11 IZO纳米颗粒在中红外波段的调Q脉冲输出　(a) 输出脉冲激光装置图; (b) 调Q脉冲序列; (c) 光谱图, 其中插图是激光脉冲在基频的射频谱, 对应的信噪比为30 dB; (d) 单脉冲曲线^[71]

Figure 11. The Q-switching at mid-infrared region band based on IZO nanoparticles: (a) Schematic illustration of laser setup; (b) typical Q-switched pulse train; (c) optical spectrum; the inset is the radio frequency spectrum, indicating a signal-to-noise ratio of ～30 dB; (d) single pulse profile^[71].

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图 12 二维MoO₃纳米片的性质　(a) 原子力显微镜图; (b) 原始的MoO₃纳米片和经过紫外光活化的等离激元MoO₃纳米片分散液的紫外可见吸收光谱; (c) MoO₃的透过率随光强的变化曲线; (d) 1 μm附近锁模光谱图; (e) 锁模脉冲序列; (f) 脉宽^[72]

Figure 12. Characterizations of 2D MoO₃ nanosheets: (a) Atomic force microscope image; (b) VIS-NIR absorption spectra for the colloidal dispersions of pristine MoO₃ nanosheets and plasmonic (photoactivated) MoO₃ nanosheets; the inset is the corresponding photographs; (c) dependence of transmission as a function of input power for plasmonic 2D MoO₃; (d) optical spectrum; (e) pulse train; (f) pulse duration^[72].

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图 13 基于TiN纳米颗粒的锁模脉冲输出及调Q脉冲　(a) TiN PVA薄膜在1550 nm处的非线性透过率随输入脉冲通量的变化曲线(调制深度); (b) 1.5 μm附近的锁模光谱; (c) 锁模脉冲序列; (d) 自相关曲线(脉宽); (e) 1 μm附近的调Q光谱; (f) 调Q脉冲输出功率随抽运功率的变化曲线^[74]

Figure 13. Ultrafast pulse laser generation and Q-switched laser based on TiN: (a) Nonlinear transmittance curve of the TiN/PVA sample versus the input pulse fluence at 1550 nm; (b) optical spectrum; (c) pulse trains; (d) autocorrelation trace; (e) laser spectrum from the Q-switched laser at the maximum pumping power; (f) average output powers versus pumping power for lasing operation at 1064 nm^[74].

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图 14 不同表面等离激元材料对应的LSPR波段

Figure 14. Different plasmonic materials corresponding LSPR wavelength.

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表 1 不同表面等离激元材料体系的光开关和超快脉冲应用(ML, 锁模; OS, 调Q)

Table 1. Different plasmonic materials for optical switch and pulse lasers (ML, mode-locking; QS: Q switch).

激光波段	光开关材料体系	激光器运行模式	最短脉宽	重频
1.0 μm	MoO_3–_x	光纤(ML)	130 ps	17 MHz^[72]
	Cu_2–_xS	固体(ML)	7.8 ps	84.17 MHz^[67]
	TiN	固体(QS)	0.25μs	590 kHz^[74]
	Ag	固体(ML)	27 ps	6.5 GHz^[64]
1.5 μm	Cu_2–_xS	光纤(ML)	295 fs	7.28 MHz^[67]
	TiN	光纤(ML)	763 fs	8.19 MHz^[74]
	ITO	光纤(ML)	593 fs	16.62 MHz^[70]
	Au	光纤(ML)	12 ps	34.7 MHz^[75]
	Cu-Sn-S	光纤(ML)	923 fs	4.99 MHz^[76]
2.0 μm	IZO	固体(QS)	3.61 μs	17.32 kHz^[71]
2.0 μm	Au	光纤(QS)	2.4 μs	100.5 kHz^[63]
2.8 μm	Cu_2–_xS	光纤(QS)	0.75 μs	90.7 kHz^[67]
	IZO	固体(QS)	0.56 μs	157.63 kHz^[71]
	Au	固体(QS)	533 ns	53.1 kHz^[62]
3.6 μm	IZO	固体(QS)	1.78 μs	56.2 kHz^[71]

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