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Two-photon Raman process (TPRP) is an important technique in controlling the atomic internal states. It plays an important role in quantum manipulation and quantum information process. A reliable Raman laser for specific atom is the first step to demonstrate TPRP and quantum manipulation of an atom. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the two-photon Raman process regarding to Cesium “clock states” |6S1/2, F=4, mF=0 and |6S1/2, F=3, mF=0, and we obtain the dependences of the corresponding Rabi frequency on one-and two-photon detunings and one-photon Rabi frequencies in a realistic multi-level Cesium atom system. We find that to obtain an atom state flopping efficiency of 0.99 the Raman laser power fluctuation should be controlled to be smaller than 3.2%. We also report our simple experimental Raman laser system for TPRP of Cesium atom based on a fiber waveguide phase modulator. The phase modulator is driven by a 4.6 GHz microwave source and the two first-order sidebands with a frequency difference of 9.19 GHz are filtered out by a Fabry-Pérot cavity with a finesse of 48. After an amplitude-modulator-based intensity stabilization system, a total power of 73 μupW with a fluctuation of 2.2% within 90 min is obtained. By applying this Raman laser to a single Cesium atom trapped in a micrometer size far-off resonant trap (FORT), we obtain Raman spectra between Cesium “clock states” |6S1/2, F=4, mF=0 and |6S1/2, F=3, mF=0. The discrepancy between the two-photon resonance frequency and the defined clock frequency 9.192631770 GHz is due to the differential Stark shifts by FORT beam and Raman beams as well as the inaccuracy of the microwave source. By varying the Raman pulse length we also show the corresponding Rabi flopping with a rate of 153 kHz, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation. The obtained state transfer efficiency of 0.75 is much smaller than theoretical expectation 0.99, which is mainly limited by the state initialization efficiency. The Raman laser system reported in this paper is simple and reliable to realize and it provides a reliable method to manipulate the Cesium internal state. Moreover it could also be easily extended to other system for quantum manipulation of other species of atom.
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Keywords:
- two-photon Raman process /
- Raman laser /
- fiber waveguide phase modulator /
- interference filter
[1] Kuhr S, Alt W, Schrader D, Dotsenko I, Miroshnychenko Y, Rosenfeld W, Khudaverdyan M, Gomer V, Rauschenbeutel A, Meschede D 2003 Phys. Rev. A 21 213002
[2] Khudaverdyan M, Alt W, Dotsenko I, Förster L, Kuhr S, Meschede D, Miroshnychenko Y, Schrader D, Rauschenbeutel A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 031404
[3] Yavuz D D, Kulatunga P B, Urban E, Johnson T A, Proite N, Henage T, Walker T G, Saffman M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 063001
[4] Jones M P A, Beugnon J, Gaëtan A, Zhang J, Messin G, Browaeys A, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 040301(R)
[5] Li G, Zhang S, Isenhower L, Maller K, Saffman M 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 851
[6] Choi K S, Deng H, Laurat J, Kimble H J 2008 Nature 452 67
[7] Vo C, Riedl S, Baur S, Rempe G, Drr S 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 263602
[8] Sangouard N, Guérin S, Yatsenko L P, Halfmann T 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 013415
[9] Jin S Q, Gong S Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 023408
[10] Li Z H, Li G, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Zhao D M, Guo Y Q, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2011 Acta Optica Sinica 31 0102002 (in Chinese) [李卓恒, 李刚, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 赵冬梅, 郭龑强, 王军民, 张天才 2011 光学学报 31 0102002]
[11] Bouyer P, Gustavson T L, Haritos K G, Kasevich M A 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 649
[12] Szymaniec K, Ghezali S, Coghnet L, Clairon A 1997 Opt. Commun. 144 51
[13] Liu S P, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Li G, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 285(in Chinese) [刘四平, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 李刚, 王军民, 张天才 2009 58 285]
[14] Zhang Y C, Wang X Y, Li G, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 2202(in Chinese) [张玉驰, 王晓勇, 李刚, 王军民, 张天才 2007 56 2202]
[15] Zhang Y F, Li G, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 104206(in Chinese) [张艳峰, 李刚, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 王军民, 张天才 2011 60 104206]
[16] Frese D, Ueberholz B, Kuhr S, Alt W, Schrader D, Gomer V, Meschede D 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3777
[17] Snadden M J, Clarke R B M, Riis E 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 892
[18] Santarelli G, Clairon A, Lea S N, Tino G 1994 Opt. Commun. 104 339
[19] Grimm R , Weidemuller M 1999 arxiv: Physics 9902072
[20] Guo Y Q, Li G, Zhang Y F, Zhang P F, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2012 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 55 1523
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[1] Kuhr S, Alt W, Schrader D, Dotsenko I, Miroshnychenko Y, Rosenfeld W, Khudaverdyan M, Gomer V, Rauschenbeutel A, Meschede D 2003 Phys. Rev. A 21 213002
[2] Khudaverdyan M, Alt W, Dotsenko I, Förster L, Kuhr S, Meschede D, Miroshnychenko Y, Schrader D, Rauschenbeutel A 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 031404
[3] Yavuz D D, Kulatunga P B, Urban E, Johnson T A, Proite N, Henage T, Walker T G, Saffman M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 063001
[4] Jones M P A, Beugnon J, Gaëtan A, Zhang J, Messin G, Browaeys A, Grangier P 2007 Phys. Rev. A 75 040301(R)
[5] Li G, Zhang S, Isenhower L, Maller K, Saffman M 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 851
[6] Choi K S, Deng H, Laurat J, Kimble H J 2008 Nature 452 67
[7] Vo C, Riedl S, Baur S, Rempe G, Drr S 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 109 263602
[8] Sangouard N, Guérin S, Yatsenko L P, Halfmann T 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 013415
[9] Jin S Q, Gong S Q, Li R X, Xu Z Z 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 023408
[10] Li Z H, Li G, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Zhao D M, Guo Y Q, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2011 Acta Optica Sinica 31 0102002 (in Chinese) [李卓恒, 李刚, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 赵冬梅, 郭龑强, 王军民, 张天才 2011 光学学报 31 0102002]
[11] Bouyer P, Gustavson T L, Haritos K G, Kasevich M A 1993 Opt. Lett. 18 649
[12] Szymaniec K, Ghezali S, Coghnet L, Clairon A 1997 Opt. Commun. 144 51
[13] Liu S P, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Li G, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 285(in Chinese) [刘四平, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 李刚, 王军民, 张天才 2009 58 285]
[14] Zhang Y C, Wang X Y, Li G, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 2202(in Chinese) [张玉驰, 王晓勇, 李刚, 王军民, 张天才 2007 56 2202]
[15] Zhang Y F, Li G, Zhang Y C, Zhang P F, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 104206(in Chinese) [张艳峰, 李刚, 张玉驰, 张鹏飞, 王军民, 张天才 2011 60 104206]
[16] Frese D, Ueberholz B, Kuhr S, Alt W, Schrader D, Gomer V, Meschede D 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3777
[17] Snadden M J, Clarke R B M, Riis E 1997 Opt. Lett. 22 892
[18] Santarelli G, Clairon A, Lea S N, Tino G 1994 Opt. Commun. 104 339
[19] Grimm R , Weidemuller M 1999 arxiv: Physics 9902072
[20] Guo Y Q, Li G, Zhang Y F, Zhang P F, Wang J M, Zhang T C 2012 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 55 1523
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