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Graphene has shown the great potential applications in the field of solid lubricants due to its outstanding mechanical properties and chemical inertness. The introduction of interfacial current at the graphene-lubricated surface is expected to tune the lubrication performance of graphene. Here in this work, an atomistic configuration of single-crystal silicon tip sliding against graphene supported by an elastic substrate is constructed to investigate the current-carrying friction behavior of graphene by using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of applied voltages, normal loads and substrate stiffnesses on the current-carrying friction behavior of graphene are systematically explored. The simulation results show that when the bias voltage is applied to the graphene-based system, the friction force undertaken by the tip is one order of magnitude larger than when applying no bias voltage. The friction increases with the magnitude of bias voltage increasing, but the increasing rate varies in different directions of bias voltage. A similar friction-voltage relationship of graphene under different normal loads and substrate stiffnesses indicates its relatively stable current-carrying friction behavior and the robust current-carrying effect. The increased friction force of graphene after the introduction of interfacial current can be attributed to the expansion of current-carrying region, causing Coulomb interactions instead of van der Waals interactions to dominate the adhesions at the friction interface. Based on the Prandtl-Tomlinson model, the current-carrying friction mechanism of graphene is systematically discussed. It is found that such a friction mechanism is different from the pucker effect of graphene, but follows the energy barrier theory. This work promotes the graphene to be used as the typical solid lubricant under the complex operation conditions with the voltage-induced current going through friction interfaces.
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Keywords:
- graphene /
- current-carrying friction /
- energy barrier /
- molecular dynamics
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图 1 分子构型 (a) 半球形针尖与石墨烯相对滑移; (b) 弹性基底
Figure 1. Molecular configuration of (a) hemisphere-shaped tip sliding against graphene and (b) elastic substrate.
图 2 摩擦力随摩擦距离的变化 (a) 无偏压; (b) 正偏压; (c), (d)负偏压. (a)−(c)恒定fn, (d)恒定压痕深度
Figure 2. Variations of friction force with sliding distance: (a) Without bias voltage, (b) with positive-bias; (c), (d) negative-bias voltage. (a)−(c) constant fn, (d) constant indentation depth.
图 3 (a) 载流摩擦力随偏压的变化; (b) 摩擦力差异
Figure 3. (a) Variation of current-carrying friction with voltages; (b) friction difference.
图 4 在(a)正偏压和(b)负偏压下不同fn的载流摩擦力
Figure 4. Current-carrying friction with different fn under (a) positive-bias and (b) negative-bias voltage.
图 5 负偏压下不同ks的载流摩擦力
Figure 5. Current-carrying friction under different ks with negative-bias voltage.
图 6 (a) 针尖周围的石墨烯原子坐标; (b)正偏压和(c)负偏压下石墨烯的电荷分布
Figure 6. (a) Coordinate of atoms in graphene near tip; charge distribution of graphene under (b) positive-bias and (c) negative-bias voltage.
图 7 接触界面处的EvdW, Ecoul和吸附能
Figure 7. EvdW, Ecoul and adhesion at the contact interface.
图 8 (a) 参考、(b) 低应力和(c) 载流时石墨烯的表面势能
Figure 8. Surface potential of graphene at: (a) Reference; (b) low stress; (c) current-carrying.
表 1 石墨烯的接触和载流半径
Table 1. Contact and current-carrying radius of graphene
正偏压 负偏压 无偏压 接触半径/Å 12.0 11.5 10.2 载流半径/Å 8.4 9.6 — 
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[1] Lee C, Wei X, Kysar J W, Hone J 2008 Science 321 385
Google Scholar
[2] Li S, Li Q, Carpick R W, Gumbsch P, Liu X, Ding X, Sun J, Li J 2016 Nature 539 541
Google Scholar
[3] Lee C, Li Q, Kalb W, Liu X, Berger H, Carpick R W, Hone J 2010 Science 328 76
Google Scholar
[4] Filleter T, McChesney J L, Bostwick A, et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 1
Google Scholar
[5] Ding T, Chen G, Li Y, Yang H, He Q 2014 Tribol. Int. 79 8
Google Scholar
[6] Yasar I, Canakci A, Arslan F 2007 Tribol. Int. 40 1381
Google Scholar
[7] 沈向前, 孙乐民, 张永振 2006 润滑与密封 1 72
Google Scholar
Shen X, Sun L, Zhang Y 2006 Lubr. Eng. 1 72
Google Scholar
[8] 王一帆 2015 硕士毕业论文 (洛阳: 河南科技大学)
Wang Y 2015 M. S. Thesis (Luoyang: Henan University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[9] 谢博华, 鞠鹏飞, 吉利, 李红轩, 周惠娣, 陈建敏 2019 摩擦学学报 39 656
Google Scholar
Xie B, Ju P, Ji L, Li H, Zhou H, Chen J 2019 Tribology 39 656
Google Scholar
[10] Jiang Y, Li Y, Liang B, Yang X, Han T, Wang Z 2012 Nanotechnology 23 495703
Google Scholar
[11] Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant A V 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 231907
Google Scholar
[12] Lee J, Hu X, Voevodin A, Martini A, Berman D 2018 Micromachines 9 1
Google Scholar
[13] Chang T, Zhang H, Guo Z, Guo Z, Gao H 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 1
Google Scholar
[14] Peng Y, Li J, Tang X, Liu B, Chen X, Bai L 2020 Tribol. Lett. 68 1
Google Scholar
[15] Plimpton S 1995 J. Comput. Phys. 117 1
Google Scholar
[16] Stukowski A 2010 Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 015012
Google Scholar
[17] Srinivasan S G, Duin A C, Ganesh P 2015 J. Phys. Chem. A. 119 571
Google Scholar
[18] Liu J, Qi Y, Li Q, Duan T, Yue W, Vadakkepatt A, Ye C, Dong Y 2019 Carbon 142 363
Google Scholar
[19] Lang H, Peng Y, Cao X, Zou K 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 25503
Google Scholar
[20] Deng Z, Smolyanitsky A, Li Q, Feng X, Cannara R J 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 1032
Google Scholar
[21] Deng Z, Klimov N N, Solares S D, Li T, Xu H, Cannara R J 2013 Langmuir 29 235
Google Scholar
[22] Bagheri S, Mansouri N, Aghaie E 2016 Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 41 4085
Google Scholar
[23] Zhang H, Guo Z, Gao H, Chang T 2015 Carbon 94 60
Google Scholar
[24] Li J, Peng Y, Tang X, Tang X, Xu Q, Liu B, Bai L 2021 Tribol. Lett. 69 1
Google Scholar
[25] Sun K, Fan X, Zhang W, Xue P, Diao D 2019 Carbon 149 45
Google Scholar
[26] 董霖, 陈光雄, 周仲荣 2009 润滑与密封 34 102
Google Scholar
Dong L, Chen G, Zhou Z 2009 Lubr. Eng. 34 102
Google Scholar
[27] Liu F, Hu N, Ning H, Liu Y, Li Y, Wu L 2015 Comput. Mater. Sci. 108 160
Google Scholar
[28] Tomlinson G A 1929 Philos. Mag. 7 905
Google Scholar
[29] Li J, Peng Y, Tang X, Xu Q, Bai L 2021 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23 4988
Google Scholar
[30] Matsuda K, Hashimoto D, Nakamura K 2016 Tribol. Int. 93 523
Google Scholar
[31] Mandelli D, Leven I, Hod O, Urbakh M 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1
Google Scholar
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