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Femtosecond laser treatment has been widely used for modulating different kinds of materials as a convenient and efficient approach. In the process of laser modulation, the ionization caused by femtosecond laser irradiation may significantly affect the propagation and energy deposition of laser pulse inside the material, and thus finally influencing the surface morphology and optimizing the material properties. In this work, the ablation of WS2 is conducted in a wide range of laser fluence by single pulse. With the increase of injected energy, the expansion of craters goes through a process from rapid growth to stabilization both in the direction of diameter and in the depth direction. And a plasma model is proposed to track the dynamic response of the excited material and the transfer and deposition of the laser energy in the irradiation of WS2. The calculated results reveal that a great number of free electrons will generate after the incidence of laser pulse and leads the dense plasma zone to form. In this zone, the reflection on the surface and the absorption inside of WS2 are both enhanced due to the rapid increase of free electron density, which affects the injection and deposition of laser energy, thus resulting in the deposition of most energy in the shallow area below the surface. With the increasing of the laser fluence, the majority of laser energy is deposited on the surface of WS2, which leads the ablation crater to reach the saturation state. Meanwhile, a double-pulse train generated by temporal shaping is utilized to modulate the diameter of craters. By adjusting the pulse delay, the smallest diameter of the crater can be obtained at 0.7 ps. The results pave the way for potential applications of the effective method in controlling the material removal and improving the catalytic performance of pristine WS2.
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Keywords:
- femtosecond laser /
- temporal shaping /
- ablation /
- energy deposition
[1] Afzal A M, Iqbal M Z, Dastgeer G, Nazir G, Mumtaz S, Usman M, Eom J 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 39524
Google Scholar
[2] Sang Y, Zhao Z, Zhao M, Hao P, Leng Y, Liu H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 363
Google Scholar
[3] Liu Y, Huang W, Chen W, Wang X, Guo J, Tian H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Yu B, Ren T-L 2019 Appl. Surf. Sci. 481 1127
Google Scholar
[4] 王聪, 刘杰, 张晗 2019 68 188101
Google Scholar
Wang C, Liu J, Zhang H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 188101
Google Scholar
[5] Rahman M S, Hasan M R, Rikta K A, Anower M 2018 Opt. Mater. 75 567
Google Scholar
[6] Zhang C, Wang S, Yang L, Liu Y, Xu T, Ning Z, Zak A, Zhang Z, Tenne R, Chen Q 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 243101
Google Scholar
[7] Ma S, Zeng L, Tao L, Tang C Y, Yuan H, Long H, Cheng P K, Chai Y, Chen C, Fung K H 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1
Google Scholar
[8] Venkatakrishnan A, Chua H, Tan P, Hu Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Carvalho A, Lu J, Sow C H 2017 ACS Nano 11 713
Google Scholar
[9] Phillips K C, Gandhi H H, Mazur E, Sundaram S 2015 Adv. Opt. Photonics 7 684
Google Scholar
[10] Jiang L, Wang A, Li B, Cui T, Lu Y 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 17134
Google Scholar
[11] Xu C, Jiang L, Li X, Li C, Shao C, Zuo P, Liang M, Qu L, Cui T 2020 Nano Energy 67 104260
Google Scholar
[12] Zuo P, Jiang L, Li X, Tian M, Xu C, Yuan Y, Ran P, Li B, Lu Y 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 39334
Google Scholar
[13] Lu J, Lu J H, Liu H, Liu B, Chan K X, Lin J, Chen W, Loh K P, Sow C H 2014 Acs Nano 8 6334
Google Scholar
[14] Alrasheed A, Gorham J M, Tran Khac B C, Alsaffar F, DelRio F W, Chung K H, Amer M R 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 18104
Google Scholar
[15] Sundaram S, Mazur E 2002 Nature Mater. 1 217
Google Scholar
[16] Vaidyanathan A, Mitra S, Narducci L, Shatas R 1977 Solid State Commun. 21 405
Google Scholar
[17] Petrakakis E, Tsibidis G, Stratakis E 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 195201
Google Scholar
[18] Jiang L, Tsai H L 2005 Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 48 487
Google Scholar
[19] Fox M 2009固体的光学性质(注释版) (北京: 科学出版社) 第155−156页
Fox M 2009 Optical Properties of Solids (Beijing: Science Press) pp155−156 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhao X, Shin Y C 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 111907
Google Scholar
[21] Höhm S, Rosenfeld A, Krüger J, Bonse J 2013 Appl. Surf. Sci. 278 7
Google Scholar
[22] Hernandez-Rueda J, Götte N, Siegel J, Soccio M, Zielinski B, Sarpe C, Wollenhaupt M, Ezquerra T A, Baumert T, Solis J 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 6613
Google Scholar
[23] Zhao M, Hu J, Jiang L, Zhang K, Liu P, Lu Y 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 1
Google Scholar
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图 1 不同激光通量辐照二硫化钨的烧蚀坑形貌 (a1)−(f1)为共聚焦激光强度图; (a2)−(f2)为共聚焦三维形貌
Figure 1. Morphologies of ablation crater of tungsten disulfide (WS2) irradiated at different laser fluence: (a1)−(f1) Intensity images and (a2)−(f2) 3D morphologies captured by confocal microscope.
图 2 烧蚀深度及直径对激光通量的依赖关系
Figure 2. Ablation depth and diameter as the function of laser fluence.
图 3 激光辐照后二硫化钨材料内部自由电子在时间和空间的分布情况 (a) 0.54 J/cm2; (b) 1.56 J/cm2; (c) 3.90 J/cm2
Figure 3. Distribution of free electron inside WS2 after irradiation: (a) 0.54 J/cm2; (b) 1.56 J/cm2; (c) 3.90 J/cm2.
图 4 激光辐照后二硫化钨表面反射率的动态变化(F = 0.54 J/cm2) (a) 随时间的变化; (b) 随自由电子密度的变化
Figure 4. Evolution of surface reflectivity of irradiated WS2 (F = 0.54 J/cm2): (a) Evolution with time; (b) evolution with the increase of free electron density.
图 5 激光辐照后二硫化钨表面中心位置吸收系数和自由电子密度随激光注入时间的变化(F = 0.54 J/cm2)
Figure 5. Evolution of absorption coefficient and the free electron density in the central region of irradiated WS2 (F = 0.54 J/cm2).
图 6 辐照后二硫化钨内部激光强度分布(F = 0.54 J/cm2) (a) 辐照中心区域激光强度; (b)−(d) 分别为1, 30, 140 fs时二硫化钨内部的激光强度分布
Figure 6. Distribution of laser intensity inside the irradiated WS2 (F = 0.54 J/cm2): (a) laser intensity of the central irradiated region as the function of time; (b)−(d) distribution of laser intensity inside WS2 at 1, 30, and 140 fs, respectively.
图 7 烧蚀深度计算值与实验测量值的对比
Figure 7. Comparison of ablation depth between the calculated and experimental measurements.
图 8 双脉冲序列调制二硫化钨表面形貌 (a) 烧蚀坑直径; (b)烧蚀深度, 激光总通量为0.92 J/cm2, 子脉冲能量比1∶1
Figure 8. Modulated surface morphology of WS2 by double-pulse train: (a) Crater diameter; (b) ablation depth, the total fluence is 0.92 J/cm2 and the sub-pulse energy ratio is 1∶1.
图 9 双脉冲序列调制二硫化钨烧蚀坑直径对于脉冲延迟的依赖特性
Figure 9. Dependence of pulse delay on crater diameter in the modulation of WS2 by double-pulse train.
表 1 模型中用到相关参数
Table 1. Parameters used in the model.
参数 符号 取值 禁带宽度/eV Eg 1.35 正折射率 n 4.0 消光系数 k 0 价带电子数/cm-3 Nev 1.44 × 1023 光斑半径/μm r0 3.5 激光通量/(J·cm-1) F 0.5—4.0 激光脉宽/fs tp 140 激光波长/nm λ 800 
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[1] Afzal A M, Iqbal M Z, Dastgeer G, Nazir G, Mumtaz S, Usman M, Eom J 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 39524
Google Scholar
[2] Sang Y, Zhao Z, Zhao M, Hao P, Leng Y, Liu H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 363
Google Scholar
[3] Liu Y, Huang W, Chen W, Wang X, Guo J, Tian H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Yu B, Ren T-L 2019 Appl. Surf. Sci. 481 1127
Google Scholar
[4] 王聪, 刘杰, 张晗 2019 68 188101
Google Scholar
Wang C, Liu J, Zhang H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 188101
Google Scholar
[5] Rahman M S, Hasan M R, Rikta K A, Anower M 2018 Opt. Mater. 75 567
Google Scholar
[6] Zhang C, Wang S, Yang L, Liu Y, Xu T, Ning Z, Zak A, Zhang Z, Tenne R, Chen Q 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 243101
Google Scholar
[7] Ma S, Zeng L, Tao L, Tang C Y, Yuan H, Long H, Cheng P K, Chai Y, Chen C, Fung K H 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 1
Google Scholar
[8] Venkatakrishnan A, Chua H, Tan P, Hu Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Carvalho A, Lu J, Sow C H 2017 ACS Nano 11 713
Google Scholar
[9] Phillips K C, Gandhi H H, Mazur E, Sundaram S 2015 Adv. Opt. Photonics 7 684
Google Scholar
[10] Jiang L, Wang A, Li B, Cui T, Lu Y 2018 Light Sci. Appl. 7 17134
Google Scholar
[11] Xu C, Jiang L, Li X, Li C, Shao C, Zuo P, Liang M, Qu L, Cui T 2020 Nano Energy 67 104260
Google Scholar
[12] Zuo P, Jiang L, Li X, Tian M, Xu C, Yuan Y, Ran P, Li B, Lu Y 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 39334
Google Scholar
[13] Lu J, Lu J H, Liu H, Liu B, Chan K X, Lin J, Chen W, Loh K P, Sow C H 2014 Acs Nano 8 6334
Google Scholar
[14] Alrasheed A, Gorham J M, Tran Khac B C, Alsaffar F, DelRio F W, Chung K H, Amer M R 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 18104
Google Scholar
[15] Sundaram S, Mazur E 2002 Nature Mater. 1 217
Google Scholar
[16] Vaidyanathan A, Mitra S, Narducci L, Shatas R 1977 Solid State Commun. 21 405
Google Scholar
[17] Petrakakis E, Tsibidis G, Stratakis E 2019 Phys. Rev. B 99 195201
Google Scholar
[18] Jiang L, Tsai H L 2005 Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 48 487
Google Scholar
[19] Fox M 2009固体的光学性质(注释版) (北京: 科学出版社) 第155−156页
Fox M 2009 Optical Properties of Solids (Beijing: Science Press) pp155−156 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhao X, Shin Y C 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 111907
Google Scholar
[21] Höhm S, Rosenfeld A, Krüger J, Bonse J 2013 Appl. Surf. Sci. 278 7
Google Scholar
[22] Hernandez-Rueda J, Götte N, Siegel J, Soccio M, Zielinski B, Sarpe C, Wollenhaupt M, Ezquerra T A, Baumert T, Solis J 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7 6613
Google Scholar
[23] Zhao M, Hu J, Jiang L, Zhang K, Liu P, Lu Y 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 1
Google Scholar
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