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Creatinine is a key biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring kidney disease, so rapid and sensitive testing is very important. Raman spectroscopy is particularly suitable for quantitatively detecting the creatinine in the human environment because it is sensitive to subtle changes in the concentration of the analyte. In this work an effective strategy is provided to promote the activity of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy by enhancing the photon-induced charge transfer efficiency at low temperature. The nano-gold icosahedron (Au20) is obtained by the seed-growing method, which is used as an active substrate for SERS. The ultra-low temperature (98 K) SERS detection technology is used to realize the rapid and sensitive detection of the dye molecule crystal violet (CV) and creatinine in normal saline. The experimental results show that at room temperature of 296 K, the detection limit of Au20 substrate for CV molecules is as low as 10–12 mol/L, and the signals are uniform; at a low temperature of 98 K, the detection limit of CV molecules can reach 10–14 mol/L, which is two orders of magnitude lower than that at 296 K. As a result, the adopted cryogenic temperature can effectively weaken the lattice thermal vibration and reduce the release of phonons, then suppress phonon-assisted non-radiative recombination. So, it will increase the number of photo-induced electrons to participate in the photo-induced charge transfer efficiency. Finally, we perform the label-free detection of creatinine in saline by using an Au20 substrate. The results show that the detection limit of the SERS substrate for creatinine is 10–6 mol/L at 296 K, and the linear correlation coefficient of the 1619 cm–1 peak is 0.9839. At a low temperature of 98 K, the detection limit of creatinine concentration is as low as 10–8 mol/L, and the linear correlation coefficient of the 1619 cm–1 peak becomes 0.9973. It can be seen that low temperature may further improve the detection limit of creatinine concentration and the linearity of characteristic peak. In summary, the current work provides a new idea for accurately detecting the creatinine concentration in the field of biomedicine.
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Keywords:
- low temperature /
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering /
- creatinine /
- ultra-sensitive detection
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图 1 (a) Au20的SEM; (b)粒径分布; (c) Au20的TEM; (d) Au20的高分辨率HRTEM
Figure 1. (a) SEM image of Au icosahedron; (b) statistics of particle size distribution of Au icosahedron; (c) TEM image of Au icosahedron; (d) HRTEM of Au icosahedron.
图 2 (a)金球的SEM; (b)金球的TEM; (c)金球和Au20的紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱
Figure 2. (a) SEM image of Au particles; (b) TEM image of Au particles; (c) UV-vis-IR absorption spectra of Au particles and Au icosahedron.
图 3 浓度为10–7 mol/L 的CV分子分别在金球基底和Au20基底上的SERS图谱
Figure 3. Raman spectra of CV molecules with concentration of 10–7 mol/L on gold sphere and Au icosahedron substrates respectively.
图 4 时域有限差分(FDTD)模拟的相对电场强度 (a)金球; (b) Au20
Figure 4. FDTD calculations of relative electric field intensities for longitudinal and transverse plasmon excitation of individual: (a) Au particles; (b) Au20.
图 5 (a)不同浓度(10–6—10–12 mol/L)的CV分子SERS光谱; (b) 10–7 mol/L的CV分子随机采集20个点的SERS光谱; (c)对应图(a)中3个峰的强度值; (d)对应图(b)中3个最高峰的强度变化曲线
Figure 5. (a) SERS spectra of CV molecules with different concentrations (10–6–10–12 mol/L); (b) SERS spectra of 20 points of CV molecule (10–7 mol/L) randomly collected; (c) intensity values of the three peaks in panel (a); (d) variation curve of the intensity values of the three peaks in panel (b).
图 6 (a) 降温条件下CV (10–7 mol/L)对应的SERS光谱; (b)不同温度时特征峰的强度变化
Figure 6. (a) SERS spectra corresponding to CV (10–7 mol/L) under cooling condition; (b) intensity variation of characteristic peaks at different temperatures.
图 7 (a) Au20不同温度条件下的XRD(插图是衍射峰(311)和(222)的放大图); (b) 与XRD对应的衍射峰的位置和半高宽
Figure 7. (a) XRD of Au20 at different temperatures (inset: the enlarged view of XRD peak at (311) and (222)); (b) the table of diffraction peaks position and FWHM in XRD at different temperatures.
图 8 (a) 低温98 K时不同浓度(10–8—10–14 mol/L)的CV分子的SERS光谱; (b) 1173和1619 cm–1特征峰的SERS强度与CV分子浓度的线性关系
Figure 8. (a) SERS spectra of CV molecules with different concentrations (10–8–10–14 mol/L) at low temperature 98 K; (b) SERS intensity of 1173 and 1619 cm–1 peaks proportional to the concentration of CV molecule.
图 9 不同浓度(10–3—10–6 mol/L)的肌酐分子的SERS光谱 (a) 296 K; (c) 98 K. 1178和1619 cm–1特征峰强度与肌酐分子浓度的线性关系 (b) 296 K; (d) 98 K
Figure 9. SERS spectra of creatinine molecules at different concentrations (10–3–10–6 mol/L): (a) 296 K; (c) 98 K. The variation of the intensity of peaks at 1178 and 1619 cm–1 versus different the molecular concentration of creatinine: (b) 296 K; (d) 98 K.
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[1] Noorul A, Mahmood R T, Asad M J, Zafar M, Mehmood R A 2014 J. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2 2330
[2] Theadom A, Rodrigues M, Roxburgh R, Balalla S, Higgins C, Bhattacharjee R, Jones K, Krishnamurthi R, Feigin V 2014 Neuroepidemiology 43 259
Google Scholar
[3] Bikbov B, Purcell C A, Levey A S, Smith M, Abdoli A, Abebe M, Adebayo O M, Afarideh M, Agarwal S K, AgudeloBotero M 2020 Lancet 395 709
Google Scholar
[4] Du H, Chen R, Du J, Fan J, Peng X 2016 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55 12334
Google Scholar
[5] Erenas M M, Ortiz-Gómez I, De Orbe-Payá I, Hernández Alonso D, Ballester P, Blondeau P, Andrade F J, Salinas-Castillo A, Capitán-Vallvey L F 2019 ACS Sensors 4 421
Google Scholar
[6] Sierra A F, Hernández-Alonso D, Romero M A, González Delgado J A, Pischel U, Ballester P 2020 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 4276
Google Scholar
[7] Titilope J J, Ma J, Thitima R 2021 J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 105770
Google Scholar
[8] Cialla-May D, Zheng X S, Weber K, Popp J 2017 Chem. Soc. Rev. 46 3945
Google Scholar
[9] Pang S, Yang T, He L 2016 Trends Analyt. Chem. 85 73
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang R, Xu B B, Liu X Q, Zhang Y L, Xu Y, Chen Q D, Sun H B 2012 Chem. Commun. 48 5913
Google Scholar
[11] Jensen L, Aikens C M, Schatz G C 2008 Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 1061
Google Scholar
[12] Wu D Y, Li J F, Ren B, Tian Z Q 2008 Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 1025
Google Scholar
[13] Morton S M, Jensen L 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 4090
Google Scholar
[14] Cai Q, Gan W, Falin A, Kenji W, Takashi T, Zhuang J C, Hao W C, Huang S M, Tao T, Cheng Y, Li L H 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 21985
Google Scholar
[15] Li G H, Gong W B, Qiu T L, Cong S, Zhao Z G, Ma R Z, Yuichi M, Takayoshi S, Geng F X 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 23523
Google Scholar
[16] Lin J, Yu J, Akakuru O U, Wang X, Yuan B, Chen T, Guo L, Wu A 2020 Chem. Sci. 11 9414
Google Scholar
[17] Lohar A A, Shinde A, Gahlaut R, Sagdeo A, Mahamuni S 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 25014
Google Scholar
[18] Milot R L, Klug M T, Davies C L, Wang Z, Kraus H, Snaith H J, Johnston M B, Herz L M 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1804506
Google Scholar
[19] Wen P, Yang F, Ge C, Li S B, Xu Y, Chen L 2021 Nanotechnology 32 395502
Google Scholar
[20] Zhu W, Wen B Y, Jie L J, Tian X D, Yang Z L, Petar M R, Luo S Y, Tian Z Q, Li J F 2020 Biosens. Bioelectron. 154 112067
Google Scholar
[21] Kullavadee K O, Aroonsri N 2021 Appl. Surf. Sci. 546 149092
Google Scholar
[22] Nabadweep C, Ankita S, Aneesh M J, Pabitra N 2019 Sens. Actuators, B 285 108
Google Scholar
[23] Jiang Y N, Cai Y Z, Hu S, Guo X Y, Ying Y, Wen Y, Wu Y P, Yang H F 2021 J. Innovative Opt. Heal. Sci. 14 2141003
Google Scholar
[24] Moskovits M 1985 Rev. Mod. Phys. 57 783
Google Scholar
[25] Aravind P, Nitzan A, Metiu H 1981 Surf. Sci. 110 189
Google Scholar
[26] 刘小红, 姜珊, 常林, 张炜 2020 69 190701
Google Scholar
Liu X H, Jiang S, Chang L, Zhang W 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 190701
Google Scholar
[27] Tian Y, Zhang H, Xu L, Chen M, Chen F 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 635
Google Scholar
[28] Xu L, Zhang H, Tian Y, Jiao A X, Chen F, Chen M 2019 Talanta 194 680
Google Scholar
[29] Tian Y, Li G H, Zhang H, Xu L, Jiao A X, Chen F, Chen M 2018 Opt. Express 26 23347
Google Scholar
[30] Zhang H, Xu L, Tian Y, Chen M, Liu X D, Chen F 2017 Opt. Express 25 29389
Google Scholar
[31] Liu Z, Yang Z B, Peng B, Cao C, Zhang C, You H J, Xiong Q H, Li Z Y, Fang J X 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2431
Google Scholar
[32] Lin J, Shang Y, Li X, Yu J, Wang X T, Guo L 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1604797
Google Scholar
[33] Ma C, Gao Q, Hong W, Fan J, Fang J X 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1603233
Google Scholar
[34] Tamarat P, Bodnarchuk M I, rebbia J, Erni R, Kovalenko M V, Even J, Lounis B 2019 Nat. Mater. 18 717
Google Scholar
[35] Sultan B J, William J P, Raul Q C, Emiliano C, Carlos S V, Nadia A K, Stefan A M, Ivan P P 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12189
Google Scholar
[36] Nicola´s G T, Emiliano C, Alexander D H N, Pilar C, Gonzalo U, Carlos A B, Marı´a E V, Roberto C S, Alejandro F 2011 ACS Nano 5 5433
Google Scholar
[37] Wang X, Huang S C, Hu S, Yan S, Ren B 2020 Nat. Rev. Phys. 2 253
Google Scholar
[38] Gao J, Hu Y J, Li S X, Zhang Y J, Chen X 2013 Chem. Phys. 410 81
Google Scholar
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