Research progress of photon response mechanism of superconducting nanowire single photon detector

Zhang Biao; Chen Qi; Guan Yan-Qiu; Jin Fei-Fei; Wang Hao; Zhang La-Bao; Tu Xue-Cou; Zhao Qing-Yuan; Jia Xiao-Qing; Kang Lin; Chen Jian; Wu Pei-Heng

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210652

Abstract

Superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) plays a significant role in plenty of fields such as quantum information, deep space laser communication and lidar, while the mechanism of the photon response process still lacks a recognized theory. It is prerequisite and essential for fabricating high-performance SNSPD to understand in depth and clarify the photon response mechanism of the SNSPD. As mature theories on the SNSPD response progress, hot-spot model and vortex-based model both have their disadvantages: in the former there exists the cut-off wavelength and in the later there is the size effect, so they both need further improving. The Cut-off wavelength means that the detection efficiency of the SNSPD drops to zero with the increase of light wavelength, which is indicated by the hot-spot model but not yet observed in experiment. The size effect implies that the vortex does not exist in the weak link with the width less than 4.41ξ, where ξ is the GL coherence length. Phase slip is responsible for the intrinsic dissipation of superconductors, which promises to expound the SNSPD photon response progress and to establish a complete theory. This paper reviews and discusses the fundamental conception, the development history and the research progress of the hot-spot models, i.e. the vortex-based model and the superconductor phase slips, providing a reference for studying the SNSPD photon response mechanism.

Keywords:

superconducting single photon detector /
hot-sopt model /
vortex-based model /
phase slip

Authors and contacts

Reaserch Institute of Superconductor Electronics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

Corresponding author: Zhang La-Bao, lzhang@nju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12033002, 62071218, 61521001, 62071214, 61801206, 11227904), the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2020B0303020001), the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. BK20200060), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the Recruitment Program for Young Professionals, China, the Qing Lan Project and the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manipulating Technique of Electromagnetic Waves, China.

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Onnes H K 1911 Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden 120b 1479
[2]	Meissner W, Ochsenfeld R 1933 Naturwissenschaften 21 787
[3]	Bardeen J, Cooper L N, Schrieffer J R 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 1175 Google Scholar
[4]	Josephson B D 1962 Phys. Lett. 1 251 Google Scholar
[5]	Guo W, Liu X, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wei L F, Hubmayr J, Fowler J, Ullom J, Vale L, Vissers M R, Gao J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 212601 Google Scholar
[6]	石晴, 林镇辉, 杨瑾屏, 李婧, 史生才 2017 微波学报 S1 266 Shi Q, Lin Z H, Yang J P, Li J, Shi S C 2017 J. Microwaves S1 266
[7]	Huang H B, Wu Y, Wang J, Bian Y B, Wang X, Li G Q, Zhang X Q, Li C G, Sun L, He Y S 2018 Physica C 550 78 Google Scholar
[8]	Cui W, Chen L B, Gao B, Guo F L, Jin H, Wang G L, Wang L, Wang J J, Wang W, Wang Z S, Wang Z, Yuan F, Zhang W 2020 J. Low Temp. Phys. 199 502 Google Scholar
[9]	Gol'tsman G N, Okunev O, Chulkova G, Lipatov A, Semenov A, Smirnov K, Voronov B, Dzardanov A, Williams C, Sobolewski R 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 705 Google Scholar
[10]	Reddy D V, Nerem R R, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Verma V B 2020 Optica 7 1649 Google Scholar
[11]	Hu P, Li H, You L X, Wang H Q, Xiao Y, Huang J, Yang X Y, Zhang W J, Wang Z, Xie X M 2020 Opt. Express 28 36884 Google Scholar
[12]	J. Chang, J. W. N. Los, J. O. Tenorio-Pearl, N. Noordzij, R. Gourgues, A. Guardiani, J. R. Zichi, S. F. Pereira, H. P. Urbach, V. Zwiller, S. N. Dorenbos, and I. Esmaeil Zedeh 2021 APL Photonics 6 036114 Google Scholar
[13]	Korzh B, Zhao Q Y, Allmaras J P, Frasca S, Autry T M, Bersin E A, Beyer A D, Briggs R M, Bumble B, Colangelo M, Crouch G M, Dane A E, Gerrits T, Lita A E, Marsili F, Moody G, Pena C, Ramirez E, Rezac J D, Sinclair N, Stevens M J, Velasco A E, Verma V B, Wollman E E, Xie S, Zhu D, Hale P D, Spiropulu M, Silverman K L, Mirin R P, Nam S W, Kozorezov A G, Shaw M D, Berggren K K 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 250 Google Scholar
[14]	Hadfield R H, Habif J L, Schlafer J, Schwall R E, Nam S W 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 241129 Google Scholar
[15]	Hadfield R H 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 696 Google Scholar
[16]	Stevens M J, Hadfield R H, Schwall R E, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Gupta J A 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 031109 Google Scholar
[17]	Hadfield R H, Stevens M J, Gruber S S, Miller A J, Schwall R E, Mirin R P, Nam S W 2005 Opt. Express 13 10846 Google Scholar
[18]	Robinson B S, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Barron R O, Caplan D O, Stevens M L, Carney J J, Hamilton S A, Yang J K W, Berggren K K 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 444 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang B, Guan Y Q, Xia L H, Dong D X, Chen Q, Xu C, Wu C, Huang H X, Zhang L B, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2021 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 34 034005
[20]	Xue L, Li Z L, Zhang L B, Zhai D S, Li Y Q, Zhang S, Li M, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H, Xiong Y H 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3848 Google Scholar
[21]	Chen J P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang W, Hu X L, Guan J Y, Yu Z W, Xu H, Lin J, Li M J, Chen H, Li H, You L X, Wang Z, Wang X B, Zhang Q, Pan J W 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 070501 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhong H S, Wang H, Deng Y H, Chen M C, Peng L C, Luo Y H, Qin J, Wu D, Ding X, Hu Y, Hu P, Yang X Y, Zhang W J, Li H, Li Y X, Jiang X, Gan L, Yang G W, You L X, Wang Z, Li L, Liu N L, Lu C Y, Pan J W 2020 Science 370 1460
[23]	Chi X M, Zou K, Gu C, Zichi J, Cheng Y H, Hu N, Lan X J, Chen S F, Lin Z Z, Zwiller V, Hu X L 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 5017 Google Scholar
[24]	张蜡宝, 钟扬音, 康琳, 陈健, 吉争鸣, 许伟伟, 曹春海 2008 科学通报 53 0023 Google Scholar Zhang L B, Zhong Y L, Kang L, Chen J, Ji Z M, Xu W W, Cao C H 2008 Chinese Sci. Bull. 53 0023 Google Scholar
[25]	Chen Q, Ge R, Zhang L B, Li F Y, Zhang B, Jin F F, Han H, Dai Y, He G L, Fei Y, Wang X H, Wang H, Jia X Q, Zhao Q Y, Tu X C, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2021 Sci. Bull.
[26]	张海涛, 李祝莲, 汤儒峰, 翟东升, 李荣旺, 皮晓宇, 伏红林, 李语强 2020 红外与激光工程 49 1007 Zhang H T, Li Z L, Tang R F, Zhai D S, Li R W, Pi X Y, Fu H L, Li Y Q 2020 Infrared Laser Eng. 49 1007
[27]	高添泉, 张才士, 李明, 李语强, 韩西达, 练军想, 刘胜前, 黎樽彪, 涂良成, 吴先霖, 杨山清, 叶贤基, 闫勇, 张蜡宝, 张鸿博, 张锦绣, 周立祥, 赵勇志, 赵宏超 2021 中山大学学报 60 247 Gao T Q, Zhang C S, Li M, Li Y Q, Han X D, Lian J X, Liu S Q, Li Z B, Tu L C, Wu X L, Yang S Q, Ye X J, Yan Y, Zhang L B, Zhang H B, Zhang J X, Zhou L X, Zhao Y Z, Zhao H C 2021 J. Sun Yat-Sen Univ. 60 247
[28]	Zhu J, Chen Y J, Zhang L B, Jia X Q, Feng Z J, Wu G H, Yan X C, Zhai J Q, Wu Y, Chen Q, Zhou X Y, Wang Z Z, Zhang C, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 15113 Google Scholar
[29]	Yu J, Zhang R L, Gao Y F, Sheng Z H, Gu M, Sun Q C, Liao J L, Wu T, Lin Z Y, Wu P H, Kang L, Li H, Zhang L B, Zheng W 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 394684
[30]	张森, 陶旭, 冯志军, 吴淦华, 薛莉, 闫夏超, 张蜡宝, 贾小氢, 王治中, 孙俊, 董光焰, 康琳, 吴培亨 2016 65 188501 Google Scholar Zhang S, Tao X, Feng Z J, Wu G H, Xue L, Yan X C, Zhang L B, Jia X Q, Wang Z Z, Sun J, Dong G Y, Kang L, Wu P H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 188501 Google Scholar
[31]	Semenov A D, Gol'tsman G N, Korneev A A 2001 Physica C 351 349 Google Scholar
[32]	Semenov A, Engel A, Hubers H W, Il'in K, Siegel M 2005 Eur. Phys. J. B 47 495 Google Scholar
[33]	Kadin A M, Leung M, Smith A D 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 3193 Google Scholar
[34]	Likharev K K 1979 Rev. Mod. Phys. 51 101 Google Scholar
[35]	Renema J J, Gaudio R, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Gaggero A, Mattioli F, Leoni R, Sahin D, de Dood M J A, Fiore A, van Exter M P 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 117604 Google Scholar
[36]	Little W A 1967 Phys. Rev. 156 396 Google Scholar
[37]	Natarajan C M, Tanner M G, Hadfield R H 2012 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25 06300116
[38]	Testardi L R 1971 Phys. Rev. B 4 2189 Google Scholar
[39]	Skocpol W J, Beasley M R, Tinkham M 1974 J. Appl. Phys. 45 4054 Google Scholar
[40]	Semenov A D, Nebosis R S, Gousev Y P, Heusinger M A, Renk K F 1995 Phys. Rev. B 52 581 Google Scholar
[41]	Kadin A M, Johnson M W 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 3938 Google Scholar
[42]	Yang J K W, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Anant V, Rosfjord K M, Berggren K K 2007 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 17 581 Google Scholar
[43]	Vodolazov D Y 2017 Phys. Rev. Appl. 7 03401419
[44]	孙明娟, 刘要稳 2015 64 247505 Google Scholar Sun M J, Liu Y W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 247505 Google Scholar
[45]	Bulaevskii L N, Graf M J, Batista C D, Kogan V G 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 144526 Google Scholar
[46]	Bulaevskii L N, Graf M J, Kogan V G 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 014505 Google Scholar
[47]	Marsili F, Bellei F, Najafi F, Dane A E, Dauler E A, Molnar R J, Berggren K K 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4799 Google Scholar
[48]	Renema J J, Frucci G, Zhou Z, Mattioli F, Gaggero A, Leoni R, de Dood M J A, Fiore A, van Exter M P 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 174526 Google Scholar
[49]	Suzuki K, Shiki S, Ukibe M, Koike M, Miki S, Wang Z, Ohkubo M 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 083101 Google Scholar
[50]	Hofherr M, Rall D, Ilin K, Siegel M, Semenov A, Huebers H W, Gippius N A 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 014507 Google Scholar
[51]	Gurevich A, Vinokur V M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 227007 Google Scholar
[52]	Wang Y, Li H, You L X, Lv C L, Wang H Q, Zhang X Y, Zhang W J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Yang X Y, Wang Z 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 0785024
[53]	Caloz M, Korzh B, Timoney N, Weiss M, Gariglio S, Warburton R J, Schonenberger C, Renema J, Zbinden H, Bussieres F 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 0831064
[54]	Gaudio R, Renema J J, Zhou Z L, Verma V B, Lita A E, Shainline J, Stevens M J, Mirin R P, Nam S W, van Exter M P, de Dood M J A, Fiore A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 0311014
[55]	Vodolazov D Y, Korneeva Y P, Semenov A V, Korneev A A, Goltsman G N 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 1045039
[56]	Delacour C, Pannetier B, Villegier J C, Bouchiat V 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3501 Google Scholar
[57]	Bezryadin A 2008 J. Phys-Condes. Matter 20 043202 Google Scholar
[58]	Langer J S, Ambegaokar V 1967 Phys. Rev. 164 498 Google Scholar
[59]	Gorkov L P 1958 Soviet Phys. Jetp-Ussr 7 505
[60]	McCumber D E, Halperin B I 1970 Phys. Rev. B-Solid State 1 1054 Google Scholar
[61]	Giordano N 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2137 Google Scholar
[62]	Arutyunov K Y, Golubev D S, Zaikin A D 2008 Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett. 464 1
[63]	Golubev D S, Zaikin A D 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 014504 Google Scholar
[64]	Zaikin A D, Golubev D S, vanOtterlo A, Zimanyi G T 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 1552 Google Scholar
[65]	Mooij J E, Schon G 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 114 Google Scholar
[66]	Astafiev O V, Ioffe L B, Kafanov S, Pashkin Y A, Arutyunov K Y, Shahar D, Cohen O, Tsai J S 2012 Nature 484 355 Google Scholar
[67]	Constantino N G N, Anwar M S, Kennedy O W, Dang M Y, Warburton P A, Fenton J C 2018 Nanomaterials 8 442 Google Scholar
[68]	Hriscu A M, Nazarov Y V 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 174511 Google Scholar
[69]	Buchler H P, Geshkenbein V B, Blatter G 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 067007 Google Scholar
[70]	Mooij J E, Nazarov Y V 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 169 Google Scholar
[71]	Webb W W, Warburton R J 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 461 Google Scholar
[72]	Sivakov A G, Glukhov A M, Omelyanchouk A N, Koval Y, Muller P, Ustinov A V 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 267001 Google Scholar
[73]	Ladan F R, Harrabi K, Rosticher M, Mathieu P, Maneval J P, Villard C 2008 J. Low Temp. Phys. 153 103 Google Scholar
[74]	Fulton T A, Dunkleberger L N 1974 Phys. Rev. B 9 4760 Google Scholar
[75]	Li P, Wu P M, Bomze Y, Borzenets I V, Finkelstein G, Chang A M 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 137004 Google Scholar
[76]	Sahu M, Bae M H, Rogachev A, Pekker D, Wei T C, Shah N, Goldbart P M, Bezryadin A 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 503 Google Scholar
[77]	Lukens J E, Warburton R J, Webb W W 1970 Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 1180 Google Scholar
[78]	Newbower R S, Tinkham M, Beasley M R 1972 Phys. Rev. B 5 864 Google Scholar
[79]	Bezryadin A, Lau C N, Tinkham M 2000 Nature 404 971 Google Scholar
[80]	Lau C N, Markovic N, Bockrath M, Bezryadin A, Tinkham M 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 217003 Google Scholar
[81]	Elmurodov A K, Peeters F M, Vodolazov D Y, Michotte S, Adam S, de Horne F d M, Piraux L, Lucot D, Mailly D 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 214519 Google Scholar
[82]	Zhao W W, Liu X, Chan M H W 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1173 Google Scholar
[83]	Zhang L B, Yan X C, Jia X Q, Chen J, Kang L, Wu P H 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 0726025
[84]	Lyatti M, Wolff M A, Gundareva I, Kruth M, Ferrari S, Dunin-Borkowski R E, Schuck C 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 763 Google Scholar
[85]	Madan I, Buh J, Baranov V V, Kabanov V V, Mrzel A, Mihailovic D 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaao0043 Google Scholar
[86]	Anant V, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Yang J K W, Rosfjord K M, Berggren K K 2008 Opt. Express 16 10750 Google Scholar
[87]	Renema J J, Wang Q, Gaudio R, Komen I, Op't Hoog K, Sahin D, Schilling A, van Exter M P, Fiore A, Engel A, de Dood M J A 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4541 Google Scholar
[88]	Baek B, Lita A E, Verma V, Nam S W 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 2511053
[89]	Engel A, Lonsky J, Zhang X F, Schilling A 2015 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 25 2200407

Cited By

图 1 热点模型的发展　(a)超导铅膜对激光敏感的实验^[38]. 上方是激光脉冲, 下方是超导铅膜的电阻变化曲线, 可以发现激光辐照时, 铅膜的电阻值突然增加; (b)超导微桥中不同大小的热点温度分布示意图^[39], 超导微桥采用锡膜制备; (c)超导氮化铌薄膜吸收光子时能量的平衡过程^[40]

Figure 1. The development of hot spot model: (a) The experiment of superconducting lead film which is sensitive to laser^[38]. The curve above is the laser pulse and the curve below is the resistance curve of the superconducting lead film. The resistance of the lead film increases suddenly when laser irradiates on it; (b) temperature distribution of hot spots with different sizes in superconducting microbridge fabricated of tin film^[39]; (c) energy balance of the superconducting niobium nitride film absorbing photons^[40].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 Gol'tsman等^[9]于2001年首次制备出SNSPD, 将热点模型应用在解释其光子响应,　(a)—(d)分别表示光子入射、热点形成、热点长大、纳米线全部失超

Figure 2. Gol'tsman et al^[9]. fabricated SNSPD for the first time in 2001, and applied the hot spot model to explain its photon response. (a)–(d) denote photon incidence, hot spot formation, hot spot growth and thoroughly shut down of the nanowire, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 涡旋模型的发展 (a), (b)涡旋周围的超导电流分布^[33], (a)单个涡旋将电流挤压到周围, 中间的超导态被抑制, (b)涡旋-反涡旋对, 可能形成于较高的偏置电流; (c), (d)基于涡旋穿越的超导薄膜耗散机制^[45], (c)单涡旋穿越, (d)光子辅助涡旋穿越模型. 两种耗散都可以使SNSPD产生可观测的电压响应; (e)上图表示没有光子时, 涡旋穿越导致暗计数形成; 下图表示光子入射导致局部热点形成, 随后引发涡旋穿越导致响应^[46]

Figure 3. The development of the vortex-based model: (a), (b) The supercurrent distribution around the vortex^[33], (a) current diverting around the region with depressed superconductivity on the scale of the vortex-core area, (b) closely spaced vortex pair oriented properly in near-critical applied current; (c), (d) sketch of a segment of the strip in the presence of a bias current^[45], (c) a single vortex causes a hot crossing, (d) A single photon creates a hotspot and induces a subsequent hot vortex crossing. Both processes result in detectable voltage in SNSPD; (e) Top: thermally excited vortex crossing and subsequent formation of a normal-state hot belt across the strip width resulting in a dark count. Bottom: an incident photon creates a hot spot across the superconducting strip, followed by the thermally induced vortex crossing^[46].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同理论之间的讨论　(a)探测器层析法得到的SNSPD响应归一化曲线, 不同符号代表了不同的光子数响应模式和不同的入射波长^[48]; (b)热点模型、扩散热点模型和涨落协助模型对实验的拟合结果, 结果显示扩散热点模型具有最好的拟合效果^[48]; (c)不同模型对实验数据的拟合曲线, 结果表明扩散热点模型是最有可能的结果^[35]

Figure 4. Discussions on various theories: (a) The universial detection curve of SNSPD utilizing the detector tomography, different symbols representing corresponding photon number and wavelength^[48]; (b) the fit of experimental data of the diffusion hotspot model, the normal-core hotspot model and the fluctuation model. It turns out that the diffusion hotspot model fits best to the data^[48]; (c) different models fitting to the experimental data and the diffusion hot spot model turns out to be the most probable one^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 热激发相位滑移　(a)复变函数Ψ(x)随x的变化. 这是2种可能情况: A点附近, Ψ₁(x)在复平面上环绕一周, Ψ₀(x)没有发生环绕^[36]; (b)两种主要的相位滑移过程: TAPS(蓝色部分, 自由能翻越势垒)和QPS(红色部分, 自由能隧穿势垒); (c)自由能F与波矢k的关系. 当不存在电流时势垒是对称的, 都等于∆F₀. 当有电流在纳米线中流动时, 相位滑移势垒将变得不再对称

Figure 5. Thermally activated phase slips: (a) The order parameter Ψ(x) which is complex is drawn as a function of position. Two possible confgurations are shown. Near A, Ψ₁(x) makes an excursion round the Argand diagram while Ψ₀(x) does not^[36]; (b) two major processes of phase slip, the TAPS (blue line, the free energy changes it’s quantuam state by jumping over the energy barrier) and the QPS (red line, the free energy changes it’s quantuam state by tunneling to another potential minimum); (c) free energy F and wave vector k. In the absence of bias current, the energy barrier between adjacent energy minima is identical and equal to ∆F₀. The barrier becomes asymmetric at a small current.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 相位滑移过程的时空变化　(a)幅值变化; (b)是相位变化. 在τ = 0时, 序参量的幅值变为0, 相位发生2π的改变

Figure 6. Temporal-spacial evolution of the phase slip: (a) Amplitute evolution; (b) phase evolution. The absolute value of the order parameter is suppressed to zero allowing the phase to flip by 2π at τ = 0.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 CQPS和PSC　(a)超导纳米线的电流存在一个大约为300 µV的临界电压, 这预示着CQPS现象^[67]; (b)相位滑移中心在I-V曲线中的体现, 虚线所对应的电阻值是R_q的整数倍^[67]

Figure 7. The CQPS and PSC: (a) No current is measured below the critical voltage V_c ≈ 300 µV, and this behaviour is suggestive of the presence of coherent quantum phase slip^[67]; (b) PSC in the I-V curve of the SNSPD. The resistance corresponding to the dotted line is integral multiple of quantum resistance R_q^[67].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 实验中通过P(I)分布获得Г(I)^[74]

Figure 8. Acquiring Г(I) by measuring the distribution of P(I)^[74].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 相位滑移早期实验　(a)Lukens等^[77]在锡晶须上测量的R-T数据, 虚线是根据TAPS公式拟合的结果; (b)在临近T_c的温度测量超导线的I-V曲线, 呈现出双曲正弦关系^[77]; (c)Giordano^[61]首次观察到In超导线的R-T曲线偏离TAPS的行为, 并称之为QPS现象

Figure 9. Early experiments on phase slip: (a) R-T measurement of the tin whisker, and the dotted line is the result of TAPS fitting^[77]; (b) current-voltage characteristics at fixed temperature. Solid line, V = sinhI/2I₁; closed circles, data points^[77]; (c) Giordano^[61] observed the R-T curve of In nanowire diviated from the TAPS theory for the first time and named this phenomenon quantum phase slip.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 近期相位滑移实验进展　(a)随着纳米线长度的增加, 相位滑移的频率同时增加, 黑色线是电流源偏置, 灰色是电压源偏置^[81]; (b)铝纳米线I_c的标准差随温度变化明显分为3个区域, 分别对应于QPS、单TAPS和多TAPS过程^[75]; (c)随着外加磁场和电流的改变, Nb纳米线的R-T曲线出现了分离的电阻值, 可能是纳米线的一部分区域产生了相位滑移中心, 而其他区域仍然保持为超导态^[82]

Figure 10. Current experiments on phase slip: (a) The phase slip rate increases with the increase of length of the nanowire. Black line: current source mode, grey line, voltage source mode^[81]; (b) the standard deviation of the I_c of the Al nanowire is distributed into three distinct temperature zones, corresponding to QPS, single TAPS and multi-TAPS, respectively^[75]; (c) the R-T curves of the Nb nanowire are splitted into different resistance with the change of the current and magnetic field, which may be caused by the phase slip centers emerging in some area of the nanowire^[82].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 YBCO纳米线中能级量子化现象, 并提出了SNSPD光子探测的相位滑移解释^[84]

Figure 11. Energy level quantification in the YBCO nanowire, and the phase-slip based photon detection mechanism of SNSPD is proposed^[84].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 热点模型、涡旋模型、相位滑移模型特点总结

Table 1. The summary of the hot spot model, vortex-based model and phase-slip-based model

模型名称	基本内容	适用范围	特点	不足
热点模型	纳米线吸收光子形成热点, 热点在电流作用下长大, 破坏超导电性	适用于光子波长较短、能量较强的情况	唯象模型, 基于热力学, 理论体系完备	存在截止波长, 但是在实验上并未发现
涡旋模型	光子入射形成涡旋或者VAP, 涡旋穿越纳米线, 破坏超导电性	适用于光子波长较长、能量较弱的情况	基于电磁学理论, 发展较为成熟	存在尺寸效应: 一般认为, 宽度小于4.41ξ的弱连接中不存在涡旋
相位滑移模型	光子入射使相位滑移事件大量发生, 破坏了纳米线的超导电性	从短波到长波光子均适用	基于量子力学, 能解释宽光谱、窄线条的光子响应	发展较晚, 还未形成完备的理论体系

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Onnes H K 1911 Commun. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden 120b 1479
[2]	Meissner W, Ochsenfeld R 1933 Naturwissenschaften 21 787
[3]	Bardeen J, Cooper L N, Schrieffer J R 1957 Phys. Rev. 108 1175 Google Scholar
[4]	Josephson B D 1962 Phys. Lett. 1 251 Google Scholar
[5]	Guo W, Liu X, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wei L F, Hubmayr J, Fowler J, Ullom J, Vale L, Vissers M R, Gao J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 212601 Google Scholar
[6]	石晴, 林镇辉, 杨瑾屏, 李婧, 史生才 2017 微波学报 S1 266 Shi Q, Lin Z H, Yang J P, Li J, Shi S C 2017 J. Microwaves S1 266
[7]	Huang H B, Wu Y, Wang J, Bian Y B, Wang X, Li G Q, Zhang X Q, Li C G, Sun L, He Y S 2018 Physica C 550 78 Google Scholar
[8]	Cui W, Chen L B, Gao B, Guo F L, Jin H, Wang G L, Wang L, Wang J J, Wang W, Wang Z S, Wang Z, Yuan F, Zhang W 2020 J. Low Temp. Phys. 199 502 Google Scholar
[9]	Gol'tsman G N, Okunev O, Chulkova G, Lipatov A, Semenov A, Smirnov K, Voronov B, Dzardanov A, Williams C, Sobolewski R 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 705 Google Scholar
[10]	Reddy D V, Nerem R R, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Verma V B 2020 Optica 7 1649 Google Scholar
[11]	Hu P, Li H, You L X, Wang H Q, Xiao Y, Huang J, Yang X Y, Zhang W J, Wang Z, Xie X M 2020 Opt. Express 28 36884 Google Scholar
[12]	J. Chang, J. W. N. Los, J. O. Tenorio-Pearl, N. Noordzij, R. Gourgues, A. Guardiani, J. R. Zichi, S. F. Pereira, H. P. Urbach, V. Zwiller, S. N. Dorenbos, and I. Esmaeil Zedeh 2021 APL Photonics 6 036114 Google Scholar
[13]	Korzh B, Zhao Q Y, Allmaras J P, Frasca S, Autry T M, Bersin E A, Beyer A D, Briggs R M, Bumble B, Colangelo M, Crouch G M, Dane A E, Gerrits T, Lita A E, Marsili F, Moody G, Pena C, Ramirez E, Rezac J D, Sinclair N, Stevens M J, Velasco A E, Verma V B, Wollman E E, Xie S, Zhu D, Hale P D, Spiropulu M, Silverman K L, Mirin R P, Nam S W, Kozorezov A G, Shaw M D, Berggren K K 2020 Nat. Photonics 14 250 Google Scholar
[14]	Hadfield R H, Habif J L, Schlafer J, Schwall R E, Nam S W 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 241129 Google Scholar
[15]	Hadfield R H 2009 Nat. Photonics 3 696 Google Scholar
[16]	Stevens M J, Hadfield R H, Schwall R E, Nam S W, Mirin R P, Gupta J A 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 031109 Google Scholar
[17]	Hadfield R H, Stevens M J, Gruber S S, Miller A J, Schwall R E, Mirin R P, Nam S W 2005 Opt. Express 13 10846 Google Scholar
[18]	Robinson B S, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Barron R O, Caplan D O, Stevens M L, Carney J J, Hamilton S A, Yang J K W, Berggren K K 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 444 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang B, Guan Y Q, Xia L H, Dong D X, Chen Q, Xu C, Wu C, Huang H X, Zhang L B, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2021 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 34 034005
[20]	Xue L, Li Z L, Zhang L B, Zhai D S, Li Y Q, Zhang S, Li M, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H, Xiong Y H 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 3848 Google Scholar
[21]	Chen J P, Zhang C, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang W, Hu X L, Guan J Y, Yu Z W, Xu H, Lin J, Li M J, Chen H, Li H, You L X, Wang Z, Wang X B, Zhang Q, Pan J W 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 070501 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhong H S, Wang H, Deng Y H, Chen M C, Peng L C, Luo Y H, Qin J, Wu D, Ding X, Hu Y, Hu P, Yang X Y, Zhang W J, Li H, Li Y X, Jiang X, Gan L, Yang G W, You L X, Wang Z, Li L, Liu N L, Lu C Y, Pan J W 2020 Science 370 1460
[23]	Chi X M, Zou K, Gu C, Zichi J, Cheng Y H, Hu N, Lan X J, Chen S F, Lin Z Z, Zwiller V, Hu X L 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 5017 Google Scholar
[24]	张蜡宝, 钟扬音, 康琳, 陈健, 吉争鸣, 许伟伟, 曹春海 2008 科学通报 53 0023 Google Scholar Zhang L B, Zhong Y L, Kang L, Chen J, Ji Z M, Xu W W, Cao C H 2008 Chinese Sci. Bull. 53 0023 Google Scholar
[25]	Chen Q, Ge R, Zhang L B, Li F Y, Zhang B, Jin F F, Han H, Dai Y, He G L, Fei Y, Wang X H, Wang H, Jia X Q, Zhao Q Y, Tu X C, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2021 Sci. Bull.
[26]	张海涛, 李祝莲, 汤儒峰, 翟东升, 李荣旺, 皮晓宇, 伏红林, 李语强 2020 红外与激光工程 49 1007 Zhang H T, Li Z L, Tang R F, Zhai D S, Li R W, Pi X Y, Fu H L, Li Y Q 2020 Infrared Laser Eng. 49 1007
[27]	高添泉, 张才士, 李明, 李语强, 韩西达, 练军想, 刘胜前, 黎樽彪, 涂良成, 吴先霖, 杨山清, 叶贤基, 闫勇, 张蜡宝, 张鸿博, 张锦绣, 周立祥, 赵勇志, 赵宏超 2021 中山大学学报 60 247 Gao T Q, Zhang C S, Li M, Li Y Q, Han X D, Lian J X, Liu S Q, Li Z B, Tu L C, Wu X L, Yang S Q, Ye X J, Yan Y, Zhang L B, Zhang H B, Zhang J X, Zhou L X, Zhao Y Z, Zhao H C 2021 J. Sun Yat-Sen Univ. 60 247
[28]	Zhu J, Chen Y J, Zhang L B, Jia X Q, Feng Z J, Wu G H, Yan X C, Zhai J Q, Wu Y, Chen Q, Zhou X Y, Wang Z Z, Zhang C, Kang L, Chen J, Wu P H 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 15113 Google Scholar
[29]	Yu J, Zhang R L, Gao Y F, Sheng Z H, Gu M, Sun Q C, Liao J L, Wu T, Lin Z Y, Wu P H, Kang L, Li H, Zhang L B, Zheng W 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 394684
[30]	张森, 陶旭, 冯志军, 吴淦华, 薛莉, 闫夏超, 张蜡宝, 贾小氢, 王治中, 孙俊, 董光焰, 康琳, 吴培亨 2016 65 188501 Google Scholar Zhang S, Tao X, Feng Z J, Wu G H, Xue L, Yan X C, Zhang L B, Jia X Q, Wang Z Z, Sun J, Dong G Y, Kang L, Wu P H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 188501 Google Scholar
[31]	Semenov A D, Gol'tsman G N, Korneev A A 2001 Physica C 351 349 Google Scholar
[32]	Semenov A, Engel A, Hubers H W, Il'in K, Siegel M 2005 Eur. Phys. J. B 47 495 Google Scholar
[33]	Kadin A M, Leung M, Smith A D 1990 Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 3193 Google Scholar
[34]	Likharev K K 1979 Rev. Mod. Phys. 51 101 Google Scholar
[35]	Renema J J, Gaudio R, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Gaggero A, Mattioli F, Leoni R, Sahin D, de Dood M J A, Fiore A, van Exter M P 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 117604 Google Scholar
[36]	Little W A 1967 Phys. Rev. 156 396 Google Scholar
[37]	Natarajan C M, Tanner M G, Hadfield R H 2012 Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25 06300116
[38]	Testardi L R 1971 Phys. Rev. B 4 2189 Google Scholar
[39]	Skocpol W J, Beasley M R, Tinkham M 1974 J. Appl. Phys. 45 4054 Google Scholar
[40]	Semenov A D, Nebosis R S, Gousev Y P, Heusinger M A, Renk K F 1995 Phys. Rev. B 52 581 Google Scholar
[41]	Kadin A M, Johnson M W 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 3938 Google Scholar
[42]	Yang J K W, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Anant V, Rosfjord K M, Berggren K K 2007 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 17 581 Google Scholar
[43]	Vodolazov D Y 2017 Phys. Rev. Appl. 7 03401419
[44]	孙明娟, 刘要稳 2015 64 247505 Google Scholar Sun M J, Liu Y W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 247505 Google Scholar
[45]	Bulaevskii L N, Graf M J, Batista C D, Kogan V G 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 144526 Google Scholar
[46]	Bulaevskii L N, Graf M J, Kogan V G 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 014505 Google Scholar
[47]	Marsili F, Bellei F, Najafi F, Dane A E, Dauler E A, Molnar R J, Berggren K K 2012 Nano Lett. 12 4799 Google Scholar
[48]	Renema J J, Frucci G, Zhou Z, Mattioli F, Gaggero A, Leoni R, de Dood M J A, Fiore A, van Exter M P 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 174526 Google Scholar
[49]	Suzuki K, Shiki S, Ukibe M, Koike M, Miki S, Wang Z, Ohkubo M 2011 Appl. Phys. Express 4 083101 Google Scholar
[50]	Hofherr M, Rall D, Ilin K, Siegel M, Semenov A, Huebers H W, Gippius N A 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 014507 Google Scholar
[51]	Gurevich A, Vinokur V M 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 227007 Google Scholar
[52]	Wang Y, Li H, You L X, Lv C L, Wang H Q, Zhang X Y, Zhang W J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Yang X Y, Wang Z 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 0785024
[53]	Caloz M, Korzh B, Timoney N, Weiss M, Gariglio S, Warburton R J, Schonenberger C, Renema J, Zbinden H, Bussieres F 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 0831064
[54]	Gaudio R, Renema J J, Zhou Z L, Verma V B, Lita A E, Shainline J, Stevens M J, Mirin R P, Nam S W, van Exter M P, de Dood M J A, Fiore A 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 0311014
[55]	Vodolazov D Y, Korneeva Y P, Semenov A V, Korneev A A, Goltsman G N 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 1045039
[56]	Delacour C, Pannetier B, Villegier J C, Bouchiat V 2012 Nano Lett. 12 3501 Google Scholar
[57]	Bezryadin A 2008 J. Phys-Condes. Matter 20 043202 Google Scholar
[58]	Langer J S, Ambegaokar V 1967 Phys. Rev. 164 498 Google Scholar
[59]	Gorkov L P 1958 Soviet Phys. Jetp-Ussr 7 505
[60]	McCumber D E, Halperin B I 1970 Phys. Rev. B-Solid State 1 1054 Google Scholar
[61]	Giordano N 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2137 Google Scholar
[62]	Arutyunov K Y, Golubev D S, Zaikin A D 2008 Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett. 464 1
[63]	Golubev D S, Zaikin A D 2001 Phys. Rev. B 64 014504 Google Scholar
[64]	Zaikin A D, Golubev D S, vanOtterlo A, Zimanyi G T 1997 Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 1552 Google Scholar
[65]	Mooij J E, Schon G 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 114 Google Scholar
[66]	Astafiev O V, Ioffe L B, Kafanov S, Pashkin Y A, Arutyunov K Y, Shahar D, Cohen O, Tsai J S 2012 Nature 484 355 Google Scholar
[67]	Constantino N G N, Anwar M S, Kennedy O W, Dang M Y, Warburton P A, Fenton J C 2018 Nanomaterials 8 442 Google Scholar
[68]	Hriscu A M, Nazarov Y V 2011 Phys. Rev. B 83 174511 Google Scholar
[69]	Buchler H P, Geshkenbein V B, Blatter G 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 067007 Google Scholar
[70]	Mooij J E, Nazarov Y V 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 169 Google Scholar
[71]	Webb W W, Warburton R J 1968 Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 461 Google Scholar
[72]	Sivakov A G, Glukhov A M, Omelyanchouk A N, Koval Y, Muller P, Ustinov A V 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 267001 Google Scholar
[73]	Ladan F R, Harrabi K, Rosticher M, Mathieu P, Maneval J P, Villard C 2008 J. Low Temp. Phys. 153 103 Google Scholar
[74]	Fulton T A, Dunkleberger L N 1974 Phys. Rev. B 9 4760 Google Scholar
[75]	Li P, Wu P M, Bomze Y, Borzenets I V, Finkelstein G, Chang A M 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 137004 Google Scholar
[76]	Sahu M, Bae M H, Rogachev A, Pekker D, Wei T C, Shah N, Goldbart P M, Bezryadin A 2009 Nat. Phys. 5 503 Google Scholar
[77]	Lukens J E, Warburton R J, Webb W W 1970 Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 1180 Google Scholar
[78]	Newbower R S, Tinkham M, Beasley M R 1972 Phys. Rev. B 5 864 Google Scholar
[79]	Bezryadin A, Lau C N, Tinkham M 2000 Nature 404 971 Google Scholar
[80]	Lau C N, Markovic N, Bockrath M, Bezryadin A, Tinkham M 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 217003 Google Scholar
[81]	Elmurodov A K, Peeters F M, Vodolazov D Y, Michotte S, Adam S, de Horne F d M, Piraux L, Lucot D, Mailly D 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 214519 Google Scholar
[82]	Zhao W W, Liu X, Chan M H W 2016 Nano Lett. 16 1173 Google Scholar
[83]	Zhang L B, Yan X C, Jia X Q, Chen J, Kang L, Wu P H 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 0726025
[84]	Lyatti M, Wolff M A, Gundareva I, Kruth M, Ferrari S, Dunin-Borkowski R E, Schuck C 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 763 Google Scholar
[85]	Madan I, Buh J, Baranov V V, Kabanov V V, Mrzel A, Mihailovic D 2018 Sci. Adv. 4 eaao0043 Google Scholar
[86]	Anant V, Kerman A J, Dauler E A, Yang J K W, Rosfjord K M, Berggren K K 2008 Opt. Express 16 10750 Google Scholar
[87]	Renema J J, Wang Q, Gaudio R, Komen I, Op't Hoog K, Sahin D, Schilling A, van Exter M P, Fiore A, Engel A, de Dood M J A 2015 Nano Lett. 15 4541 Google Scholar
[88]	Baek B, Lita A E, Verma V, Nam S W 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 2511053
[89]	Engel A, Lonsky J, Zhang X F, Schilling A 2015 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 25 2200407

[1]	Zhou Fei, Chen Qi, Liu Hao, Dai Yue, Wei Chen, Yuan Hang, Wang Hao, Tu Xue-Cou, Kang Lin, Jia Xiao-Qing, Zhao Qing-Yuan, Chen Jian, Zhang La-Bao, Wu Pei-Heng. Noise characteristics analysis and suppression of optical system based on infrared superconducting single-photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(6): 068501. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20231526
[2]	Chen Zhi-Gang, Zhang Wei-Jun, Zhang Xing-Yu, Wang Yu-Ze, Xiong Jia-Min, Hong Yi-Yu, Yuan Pu-Sheng, Wu Ling, Wang Zhen, You Li-Xing. Cryogenic DC-coupled readout electronics for high-speed superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors based on a commercial operational amplifier. Acta Physica Sinica, 2024, 73(13): 138501. doi: 10.7498/aps.73.20240398
[3]	Wu Zhi-Peng, Zhang Chuang, Hu Shi-Qian, Ma Deng-Ke, Yang Nuo. Graded thermal conductivity in nano “hot spot” systems. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(18): 184401. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230687
[4]	He Guang-Long, Xue Li, Wu Cheng, Li Hui, Yin Rui, Dong Da-Xing, Wang Hao, Xu Chi, Huang Hui-Xin, Tu Xue-Cou, Kang Lin, Jia Xiao-Qing, Zhao Qing-Yuan, Chen Jian, Xia Ling-Hao, Zhang La-Bao, Wu Pei-Heng. Miniaturized superconducting single-photon detection system for airborne platform. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(9): 098501. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230248
[5]	Xi Ling-Ling, Yang Xiao-Yan, Zhang Tian-Zhu, Xiao You, You Li-Xing, Li Hao. High comprehensive performance superconducting nanowire single photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(11): 118501. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230326
[6]	Chen Qi, Dai Yue, Li Fei-Yan, Zhang Biao, Li Hao-Chen, Tan Jing-Rou, Wang Xiao-Han, He Guang-Long, Fei Yue, Wang Hao, Zhang La-Bao, Kang Lin, Chen Jian, Wu Pei-Heng. Design and fabrication of superconducting single-photon detector operating in 5–10 μm wavelength band. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(24): 248502. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20221594
[7]	Ma Lu-Yao, Zhang Xing-Yu, Shu Zhi-Yun, Xiao You, Zhang Tian-Zhu, Li Hao, You Li-Xing. Superconducting nanowire single photon detector under AC-bias with self-differential readout. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(15): 158501. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20220373
[8]	Zhang Xiao, Lü Jia-Yu, Guan Yan-Qiu, Li Hui, Wang Xi-Ming, Zhang La-Bao, Wang Hao, Tu Xue-Cou, Kang Lin, Jia Xiao-Qing, Zhao Qing-Yuan, Chen Jian, Wu Pei-Heng. Design and fabrication of single photon detector with ultra-large area superconducting nanowire array. Acta Physica Sinica, 2022, 71(24): 248501. doi: 10.7498/aps.71.20221569
[9]	Huang Dian, Dai Wan-Lin, Wang Yi-Wen, He Qing, Wei Lian-Fu. Noise processing of superconducting kinetic inductance single photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(14): 140703. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210185
[10]	Zhang Wen-Ying, Hu Peng, Xiao You, Li Hao, You Li-Xing. High-efficiency polarization-insensitive superconducting nanowire single photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(18): 188501. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210486
[11]	Yan Xia-Chao, Zhu Jiang, Zhang La-Bao, Xing Qiang-Lin, Chen Ya-Jun, Zhu Hong-Quan, Li Jian-Ting, Kang Lin, Chen Jian, Wu Pei-Heng. Model of bit error rate for laser communication based on superconducting nanowire single photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2017, 66(19): 198501. doi: 10.7498/aps.66.198501
[12]	Zhang Sen, Tao Xu, Feng Zhi-Jun, Wu Gan-Hua, Xue Li, Yan Xia-Chao, Zhang La-Bao, Jia Xiao-Qing, Wang Zhi-Zhong, Sun Jun, Dong Guang-Yan, Kang Lin, Wu Pei-Heng. Enhanced laser ranging with superconducting nanowire single photon detector for low dark count rate. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(18): 188501. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.188501
[13]	Shi Liang-Ma, Zhou Ming-Jian, Zhu Ren-Yi. Evolution of vortex configuration for superconducting ring in the presence of an externally applied field. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(24): 247501. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.247501
[14]	Zhang Qing-Ya, Dong Wen-Hui, He Gen-Fang, Li Tie-Fu, Liu Jian-She, Chen Wei. Review on superconducting transition edge sensor based single photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(20): 200303. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.200303
[15]	Meng Qing-Duan, Zhang Xiao-Ling, Zhang Li-Wen, Lü Yan-Qiu. Structural modeling of 128× 128 InSb focal plane array detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(19): 190701. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.190701
[16]	Zhou Yu, Zhang La-Bao, Jia Tao, Zhao Qing-Yuan, Gu Min, Qiu Jian, Kang Lin, Chen Jian, Wu Pei-Heng. Response properties of NbN superconductor nanowire for multi-photon. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(20): 208501. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.208501
[17]	Zhang La-Bao, Kang Lin, Chen Jian, Zhao Qing-Yuan, Jia Tao, Xu Wei-Wei, Cao Chun-Hai, Jin Biao-Bing, Wu Pei-Heng. Fabrication of superconducting nanowiresingle-photon detector. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(3): 038501. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.038501
[18]	Li Yong-Qing, Li Xi-Guo, Liu Zi-Yu, Luo Pei-Yan, Zhang Peng-Ming. New vortex solutions of Jackiw-Pi model. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(11): 6178-6182. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.6178
[19]	XU FENG, LIU LIAO. PARTICLE DETECTOR MODEL FOR INSTANT RESPONSE. Acta Physica Sinica, 1988, 37(8): 1267-1274. doi: 10.7498/aps.37.1267
[20]	ZHAO ZHONG-XIAN, LIU FU-SUI, HAN RU-SHAN. THE SHELL MODEL FOR CLAD PARTICLES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS. Acta Physica Sinica, 1979, 28(2): 222-228. doi: 10.7498/aps.28.222

Catalog

Vol. 70, Issue 19 - 2021-10-05

Metrics

Abstract views: 11042
PDF Downloads: 385
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板