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Density functional theory study of supercapacitor for energy storage electrode materials

Xu Qiang Si Xue She Wei-Han Yang Guang-Min

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Density functional theory study of supercapacitor for energy storage electrode materials

Xu Qiang, Si Xue, She Wei-Han, Yang Guang-Min
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  • Double electric layer capacitor is a kind of supercapacitor with high power density, but has relatively low energy density. Improving the quantum capacitances of materials will be a new way to increase their total interface capacitances. We design a two-dimensional electrode material with a high specific capacity and stable crystal structure. Due to the quantum confinement effect and the density of states, the quantum capacitances of two-dimensional materials such as graphene and silicene approach to zero when they are near the Fermi level. On the basis of the first principles of density functional theory, doping and adsorption can effectively modulate the electronic structure of two-dimensional electrode material such as graphene. It promotes the formation of the local state of the electrode material near the Dirac point and/or the movement of the Fermi level, thereby improving the quantum capacitance. Compared with the quantum capacitance of Ti (Au, Ag, Cu, Al), and 3-B (N, P, S) doped single-vacancy graphene (silicene, germanene), the quantum capacitance of 3-N doped single-vacancy graphene and of Ti atom adsorbed single-vacancy silicene/germanene are both significantly improved, and their quantum capacitances are as high as 118.42 μF/cm2, 79.84 μF/cm2, and 76.54 μF/cm2. The concentration effects of 3N-doped three kinds of alkenes are studied, and the results show that the quantum capacitance is enhanced with the doping concentration increasing. It is also found by studying the thermodynamic stability of the doped systems that Ti is the most stable adsorbed atom because of the strong bond between Ti atom and C atom. The S is the most stable doping atom in B, N, P, S doped single-vacancy silicene and germanene. For graphene, N doping has the lowest formation energy and the best quantum capacitance. This study intends to clarify the controversy regarding the energy storage enhancement of two-dimensional double-layer supercapacitor materials, and to improve the quantum capacitance. The research results provide the guidance for understanding the quantum effects caused by optimizing the structure of two-dimensional electrode material. The above theoretical calculation of the mentioned two-dimensional electrode material provides some research ideas for improving the low energy density of electric double-layer supercapacitors.
      Corresponding author: Yang Guang-Min, 249138087@qq.com
    • Funds: Project supported by the Jilin Provinical Science and Technology Department Project, China (Grant No. YDZ J202101ZYTS158), the Natural Science Foundation of Changchun Institute of Technology, China (Grant No.320190005), the Science Research Program of Jilin Provincial Education Department of China (Grant No.JJKH20200828KJ), and the Natural Science Foundation of Changchun Normal University, China (Grant No. 001010)
    [1]

    Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer MC, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon JP, Liu J 2011 Chem. Rev. 111 3577Google Scholar

    [2]

    Simon P, Gogotsi Y 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 845Google Scholar

    [3]

    Premathilake D, Outlaw R A, Parler S G, Butler S M, Miller J R 2017 Carbon 111 231Google Scholar

    [4]

    Paek E, Pak A J, Kweon K E, Hwang G S 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 11 75610

    [5]

    Zhang L L, Zhao X, Ji H, Stoller M D, Lai L, Murali S, Mcdonnell S, Cleveger B, Wallace R M, Ruoff R S 2012 Energy Environ. Sci. 5 9618Google Scholar

    [6]

    Stoller M D, Magnuson C W, Zhu Y W, Murali S, Suk J W, Piner R, Ruoff R S 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 4685Google Scholar

    [7]

    Jeong H M, Lee J W S, Hin W H, Choi Y J, Shin H J, Kang J K, Choi J W 2011 Nano Lett. 11 2472Google Scholar

    [8]

    Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker S I, Seal S 2011 Prog. Mater. Sci. 56 1178Google Scholar

    [9]

    You B, Wang L, Yao L, Yang J 2013 Chem. Commun. 49 5016Google Scholar

    [10]

    Pak A J, Paek E, Hwang G S 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 19741Google Scholar

    [11]

    Fleurence A, Friedlein R, Ozaki T, Kawai H, Wang Y, Yamada-Takamura Y 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 245501Google Scholar

    [12]

    Chiappe D, Scalise E, Cinquanta E, Grazianetti C, Van den Broek B, Fanciulli, Houssa M, Molle A 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2096Google Scholar

    [13]

    Yang G M, Zhang H Z, Fan X F, Zheng W T 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 6464Google Scholar

    [14]

    Yang G M, Xu Q, Fan X F, Zheng W T 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 1903Google Scholar

    [15]

    Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 J. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6 15Google Scholar

    [16]

    Blöchl P E 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 17953Google Scholar

    [17]

    Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Jackson K A, Pederson M R, Singh D J, Fiolhais C 1992 Phys. Rev. B 4 66671

    [18]

    Sivek J, Sahin H, Partoens B, Peeters F M 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 085444Google Scholar

    [19]

    De Padova P, Vogt P, Resta A, Avila J, Razado-Colambo I, Quaresima C, Ottaviani C, Bruhn T, Hirahara T, Shirai T, Hasegawa S, Asensio M C, Le Lay G 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 163106Google Scholar

    [20]

    Zhan C, Zhang Y, Cummings P T, Jiang D R 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 4668Google Scholar

  • 图 1  (a), (b) 金属原子分别在本征和单空位锗烯(硅烯, 石墨烯)上的最稳定吸附位置的吸附能, 掺杂浓度为3.1%; (c) 单空位锗烯(硅烯, 石墨烯)掺杂3-B (N, P, S)原子的形成能, 掺杂浓度9.3%

    Figure 1.  (a), (b) The adsorption energies of adsorbing metal atoms in the strongest position on pristine and single-vacancy germanene (silicene, graphene) with thedoping concentration of 3.1%; (c) the formation energy of single-vacancy germanene (silicene, graphene) doped with triple-B (N, P, S) with the doping concentration of 9.3%.

    图 2  (a), (b)分别为本征石墨烯、硅烯、锗烯的质量比量子电容, 面积比量子电容(锗烯: 1 μF/cm2 = 11.48 F/g, 硅烯: 1 μF/cm2 = 27.37 F/g, 石墨烯: 1 μF/cm2 = 26.3 F/g)

    Figure 2.  (a), (b) calculated specific quantum capacitance (CQ), areal CQ vs. potential drop of pristine graphene, siliceneand germanene. (For germanene 1 μF/cm2 = 11.48 F/g, silicene 1 μF/cm2 = 27.37 F/g, and graphene 1 μF/cm2 = 26.3 F/g).

    图 3  (a)−(c) 单空位石墨烯(硅烯, 锗烯)吸附Ti (Cu, Au, Ag, Al)和(d)−(f) 3-B (P, N, S)掺杂单空位石墨烯(硅烯, 锗烯)量子电容最大值的变化趋势图

    Figure 3.  (a)−(c) Change trend chart of the maximum value of CQ for Ti (Cu, Au, Ag and Al) adsorbed single-vacancy grapheme (silicene, germanene), and (d)−(f) 3-B (P, N, S)-doped single-vacancy grapheme (silicene, germanene).

    图 4  (a) 单空位石墨烯(硅烯, 锗烯)吸附Ti, Au, Ag, Cu, Al体系中, 最高的量子电容与电势的关系图, 掺杂浓度为3.1%; (b) 单空位石墨烯(硅烯, 锗烯)掺杂三个B, N, P, S原子体系中, 最高的量子电容-电势关系图, 掺杂浓度为9.3%

    Figure 4.  (a) Under the condition of doping concentration of 3.1%, the calculated quantum capacitance of single-vacancy grapheme (silicene, germanene) adsorbed withTi, Au, Ag, Cu, Al with the best properties, as a function of local electrode potential (Φ); (b) CQ of single-vacancy germanene (silicene, graphene) doping with triple-B (N, P, S)with the best properties, under the condition of doping concentration of 9.3%.

    图 5  (a) Ti掺杂单空位硅烯浓度的态密度(DOS)和局域态密度(LDOS)图, 掺杂浓度为3.1%; (b) 3-N原子掺杂单空位石墨烯的态密度(DOS)和局域态密度(LDOS)图, 掺杂浓度为9.4%

    Figure 5.  Density of states (DOS) and local density of states (LDOS) of adsorbed Ti atoms on single-vacancy silicene with Ti concentration3.1%, and (b) triple N-doping single-vacancy grapheme with N concentration 9.4%.

    图 6  (a)−(f)不同掺杂浓度的单空位石墨烯(硅烯, 锗烯)掺杂三个N原子的量子电容以及表面电荷密度-电势的关系图

    Figure 6.  (a)−(f)Calculated quantum capacitance and surface charge vs. potential drop of 3 N-doping single-vacancy grapheme (silicene, germanene) with different concentration, as a function of local electrode potential (Φ).

    图 7  本征石墨烯和石墨烯掺杂3-N原子的总界面电容, 双电层电容以及量子电容. 双电层电容是根据经典分子动力学模拟获得, 模拟条件为1 M NaCl水性电解液[20]

    Figure 7.  The capacitance of triple-N doped with graphene and pristine grapheme, including quantum capacitance (CQ), electric double-layer capacitance (CD) and total interfacial capacitance(CT).The CD is obtained by classical MD simulation under the condition of 1 M NaCl aqueous electrolyte[20].

    表 1  在本征和单空位石墨烯、硅烯、锗烯上分别以不同位置吸附Al, Ag, Cu, Ti和Au金属原子的吸附能

    Table 1.  The adsorption energy of Al, Ag, Cu, Ti, Au adsorbed on pristine and single-vacancy graphene (silicene, germanene) with different configurations.

    System
    ΔEad (eV)
    HillValleyBridgeHollowH*
    GrapheneAl–0.888–0.902–1.012–5.399
    Ag0.035–0.0010.011–1.695
    Cu–0.220–0.217–0.057–3.599
    Ti–1.075–0.827–1.544–8.159
    Au–0.096–0.082–0.073–2.359
    SiliceneAl–2.794–2.907–2.573–5.502
    Ag–0.991–1.313–1.244–1.616–3.182
    Cu–1.549–2.368–2.764–4.538
    Ti–3.694–3.907–3.893–6.348
    Au–1.843–1.933–2.238–4.486
    GermaneneAl–1.815–2.716–2.520–4.908
    Ag–0.984–1.322–1.650–2.869
    Cu–1.377–2.091–2.489–3.812
    Ti–3.569–3.968–4.144–5.565
    Au–1.636–1.700–1.818–2.113–4.020
    DownLoad: CSV

    表 2  在单空位石墨烯、硅烯、锗烯上掺杂3-B(N, P, S)原子的形成能

    Table 2.  The formation energy of triple-B (N, P, S) doped single-vacancy graphene (silicene, germanene).

    System ΔEf (eV)BNPS
    Graphene4.6633.7357.7733.708
    Silicene7.8250.503–0.590–6.759
    Germanene8.6845.2560.575–6.149
    DownLoad: CSV
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  • [1]

    Yang Z, Zhang J, Kintner-Meyer MC, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon JP, Liu J 2011 Chem. Rev. 111 3577Google Scholar

    [2]

    Simon P, Gogotsi Y 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 845Google Scholar

    [3]

    Premathilake D, Outlaw R A, Parler S G, Butler S M, Miller J R 2017 Carbon 111 231Google Scholar

    [4]

    Paek E, Pak A J, Kweon K E, Hwang G S 2013 J. Phys. Chem. C 11 75610

    [5]

    Zhang L L, Zhao X, Ji H, Stoller M D, Lai L, Murali S, Mcdonnell S, Cleveger B, Wallace R M, Ruoff R S 2012 Energy Environ. Sci. 5 9618Google Scholar

    [6]

    Stoller M D, Magnuson C W, Zhu Y W, Murali S, Suk J W, Piner R, Ruoff R S 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 4685Google Scholar

    [7]

    Jeong H M, Lee J W S, Hin W H, Choi Y J, Shin H J, Kang J K, Choi J W 2011 Nano Lett. 11 2472Google Scholar

    [8]

    Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L, Das S, Khondaker S I, Seal S 2011 Prog. Mater. Sci. 56 1178Google Scholar

    [9]

    You B, Wang L, Yao L, Yang J 2013 Chem. Commun. 49 5016Google Scholar

    [10]

    Pak A J, Paek E, Hwang G S 2013 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 19741Google Scholar

    [11]

    Fleurence A, Friedlein R, Ozaki T, Kawai H, Wang Y, Yamada-Takamura Y 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 245501Google Scholar

    [12]

    Chiappe D, Scalise E, Cinquanta E, Grazianetti C, Van den Broek B, Fanciulli, Houssa M, Molle A 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2096Google Scholar

    [13]

    Yang G M, Zhang H Z, Fan X F, Zheng W T 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 6464Google Scholar

    [14]

    Yang G M, Xu Q, Fan X F, Zheng W T 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 1903Google Scholar

    [15]

    Kresse G, Furthmüller J 1996 J. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6 15Google Scholar

    [16]

    Blöchl P E 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 17953Google Scholar

    [17]

    Perdew J P, Chevary J A, Vosko S H, Jackson K A, Pederson M R, Singh D J, Fiolhais C 1992 Phys. Rev. B 4 66671

    [18]

    Sivek J, Sahin H, Partoens B, Peeters F M 2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 085444Google Scholar

    [19]

    De Padova P, Vogt P, Resta A, Avila J, Razado-Colambo I, Quaresima C, Ottaviani C, Bruhn T, Hirahara T, Shirai T, Hasegawa S, Asensio M C, Le Lay G 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 163106Google Scholar

    [20]

    Zhan C, Zhang Y, Cummings P T, Jiang D R 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 4668Google Scholar

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Publishing process
  • Received Date:  25 November 2020
  • Accepted Date:  24 February 2021
  • Available Online:  13 May 2021
  • Published Online:  20 May 2021

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