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Non-hydrogenated W-doped amorphous diamond-like carbon films with different tungsten content are prepared by pulsed laser deposition through using the W-doped graphite targets. The variation of the tungsten content in the doped diamond-like carbon films has a stable linear relation with tungsten content in the doped targets, which shows the importance of pulsed laser deposition in the field of the refractory metal doping technology. The doped tungsten has no effect on the crystal structure of the diamond-like carbon film according to X-ray diffraction test. In the W-doped diamond-like carbon film, most of the tungsten atoms form the tungsten carbides with the carbon atoms when the tungsten content is relatively low, and inlay in the network of the amorphous carbon, reducing the carbon coordination atoms and local density. In addition, the tungsten oxides formed from the tungsten atoms and oxygen atoms help to reduce the friction coefficient. Therefore, the friction coefficient of the films decreases with the tungsten content increasing, and the lowest friction coefficient is 0.091 at the doping content of 9.67 at.%. However, more and more tungsten clusters form with the tungsten content further increasing according to the results of atomic force microscope, thus increasing the surface roughness of the diamond-like carbon films and resulting dominantly in the increase of the friction coefficient. On the other hand, the increasing of tungsten content reduces the nano-hardness and Yang’s modulus of the doped diamond-like carbon film due to the reduction of the local atomic binding energy in the per unit volume. However, the best wear-resistance is shown in the W-doped diamond-like carbon film with relatively low tungsten content of 6.28 at.%, instead of the pure diamond-like carbon film with the highest hardness of 52.2 GPa. This research offers an experimental base for practical applications of the non-hydrogenated W-doped diamond-like carbon film with low friction coefficient and high hardness grown by pulsed laser deposition. An optimized W-doped diamond-like carbon film has low friction coefficient and high hardness, along with the high heat conduction and resistance, and can be used as protective tribological coatings for the micro- and nano- electron devices to improve their working stability and reduce the sizes.
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Keywords:
- pulsed laser deposition /
- tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon film /
- tribological property /
- nano-indentation
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图 1 实验示意图.
Figure 1. Experimental sketch.
图 2 钨掺杂DLC膜的XPS光谱 (a) W4f谱; (b) C1s谱
Figure 2. XPS spectra of the W-doped DLC films: (a) W4f spectrum; (b) C1s spectrum.
图 3 靶材与对应膜层的掺杂含量
Figure 3. Tungsten content in the targets and their related films.
图 4 DLC膜的典型XRD衍射图样
Figure 4. Typical XRD patterns of the DLC films.
图 5 钨掺杂DLC膜的摩擦系数 (a) 典型的微摩擦测试曲线; (b) 掺杂含量对摩擦系数的影响
Figure 5. Friction coefficient of the W-doped DLC films: (a) Typical measured curves of the mirco-tribometer; (b) influences of the doping content on the friction coefficient.
图 6 DLC膜的AFM形貌及表面粗糙度 (a) AFM形貌; (b) 均方根粗糙度
Figure 6. AFM imaging and RMS roughness of the DLC films: (a) AFM imaging; (b) RMS roughness.
图 7 DLC膜的纳米压痕 (a) 载荷-压入深度曲线; (b) 纳米压痕计算结果
Figure 7. Nano-indentation of the DLC films: (a) Curve of the load vs. indentation depth; (b) calculated results of the nano-indentation
图 8 钨掺杂含量对DLC膜的摩擦系数和耐磨性能的影响
Figure 8. Influence of the tungsten content on friction coefficient and H/E of DLC films.
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[1] 李建, 童洪辉, 王坤, 但敏, 金凡亚 2020 功能材料 51 08204
Google Scholar
Li J, Tong H H, Dan M, Jin F Y 2020 Funct. Mater. 51 08204
Google Scholar
[2] Reichenbach T, Mayrhofer L, Kuwahara T, Moseler M, Moras G 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 8805
Google Scholar
[3] Das D, Dey R, Das S, Hussain S, Ghosh A K, Pal A K 2020 J. Polym. Environ. 28 284
Google Scholar
[4] Modabberasl A, Sharifi M, Shahbazi F, Kameli P 2019 Appl. Surf. Sci. 479 639
Google Scholar
[5] Tyagi A, Walia R S, Murtaza Q, Pandey S M, Tyagi P K, Bajaj B 2019 Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard. Mater. 78 107
Google Scholar
[6] Triroj N, Saensak R, Porntheeraphat S, Paosawatyanyong B, Amornkitbamrung V 2020 Anal. Chem. 92 3650
Google Scholar
[7] 薛群基, 王立平 2012 类金刚石碳基薄膜材料 (北京: 科学出版社) 第32页
Xue Q J, Wang L P 2012 Thin Film Materials of Carbon-base Diamond-like Carbon (Beijing: Science Press) p32
[8] Guo Y Z, Guo P, Sun L L, Li X W, Ke P L, Li Q, Wang A Y 2019 Surf. Interface Anal. 51 361
Google Scholar
[9] Wang S Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang W X, Li Z L, Guo Y L 2019 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 371 042014
Google Scholar
[10] Boubiche N, Hamouchi J E, Hulik J, Abdesslam M, Speisser C, Djeffal F, Normand F L 2019 Diamond Relat. Mater. 91 190
Google Scholar
[11] 程勇 2017 脉冲激光沉积类金刚石膜技术[北京: 科学出版社] 第26页
Cheng Y 2017 Technology of Diamond-like Carbon Film Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition (Beijing: Science Press) p26
[12] Jelinek M, Zemek J, Kocourek T, Remsa J, Miksovsky J, Pisarik P, Jurek K, Tolde Z, Travnickova M, Vandrovcov M, Filova E 2016 Laser Phys. 26 105605
Google Scholar
[13] Gayathri S, Kumar N, Krishnan R, Ravindran T R, Dash S, Tyagi A K, Sridharan M 2015 Mater. Chem. Phys. 167 194
Google Scholar
[14] Constantinou M, Pervolaraki M, Nikolaou P, Prouskas C, Patsalas P, Kelires P, Giapintzakis J, Constantinides G 2017 Surf. Coat. Technol. 309 320
Google Scholar
[15] Grigoriev S N, Fominski V Y, Romanov R I, Gnedovets A G 2014 Thin Solid Films 556 35
Google Scholar
[16] Constantinou M, Pervolaraki M, Koutsokeras L, Prouskas C, Patsalas P, Kelires P, Giapintzakis J, Constantinides G 2017 Surf. Coat. Technol. 330 185
Google Scholar
[17] Foong Y M, Koh A T T, Lim S R, Hsieh J, Chua D H C 2012 Diamond Relat. Mater. 25 103
Google Scholar
[18] Panda M, Krishnan R, N Krishna G, Amirthapandian S, Magudapathy P, Kamruddin M 2019 Ceram. Int. 45 8847
Google Scholar
[19] Kiryukhantsev-Korneeva F V, Bondarev A V 2019 Phys. Metals Metallogr. 120 702
[20] Saikat P, Maity R, Kumar S 2020 Ceram. Int. 46 22805
[21] 徐丽萍, 林松盛 2019 电镀与涂饰 38 663
Google Scholar
Xu L P, Lin S S 2019 Electroplat. Finish. 38 663
Google Scholar
[22] 何帅, 孙德恩, 曾宪光, 王建川 2019 化工新型材料 47 162
He S, Sun D E, Zeng X G, Wang J C 2019 New Chem. Mater. 47 162
[23] Chen J L, Ji P Y, Jin C G, Zhuge L J, Wu X M 2019 Plasma Sci. Technol. 21 025502
Google Scholar
[24] Zhou S, Liu L, Ma L 2017 J. Non-Cryst. Solids 455 35
[25] Vengudusamy B, Green J H, Lamb G D, Spikes H A 2013 Wear 298-299 109
Google Scholar
[26] Hatada R, Flege S, Ashraf M N, Timmermann A, Schmid C, Ensinger W 2020 Coatings 10 360
Google Scholar
[27] Neuville S 2011 Surf. Coat. Technol. 206 703
Google Scholar
[28] Luo J, Ou Y X, Zhang Z Q, Pang P, Chen L, Liao B, Shang H Z, Zhang X, Wu X Y 2019 Mater. Res. Express 6 096418
Google Scholar
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