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Adding nanoparticles with high light response characteristics to a light-transmitting fluid medium can form a light-driven nanofluid and achieve efficient use of light energy. This paper conducts the experimental observation and theoretical analysis of the light driven nanofluid flow behavior, which is the theoretical basis for achieving the precise control of optical drive nanofluid. To realize the efficient conversion of light energy into kinetic energy, here, the motion of Fe3O4 particles with a diameter of 300 nm in droplets induced by the Marangoni effect is studied under different light sources by using the particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental results show that when the number density of particles is higher than the critical value, the vertical vortices with symmetrical structure can be induced. At the bottom of the droplet, the particles move from the periphery to the center of droplet, and at the top of the droplet, the particles move from the center to the periphery of droplet. In addition, the frequency of light source and the number density of particles are the dominant factors in this process. Subsequently, for the light driven nanofluid experiment in this paper, the analytical solution of the flow field distribution is achieved by using the Stokes equation and the surface tension gradient boundary condition. The analytical solution of the flow field distribution obtained here is consistent with the experimental results, confirming the validity of the quantitative theory. Finally, the correlation between various driving modes, including surface tension at the top surface, surface pressure at the bottom surface or concentrated light radiation force in bulk phase, is discussed. This research provides theoretical support for the precise regulation of flow behavior and efficient conversion of light energy in the optical microfluidic system.
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Keywords:
- nanofluids /
- particle image velocimetry /
- Marangoni effect /
- surface tension /
- light radiation force
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Li Y M, Yao K 2015 Optical Tweezers Technology (Beijing: Science press) pp23, 24 (in Chinese)
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Peng X F, Lin X P, Wang B X 1998 J. Eng. Thermophys. 19 715
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Yan Z Y 2002 Low Reynolds Number Flow Theory (Beijing: Peking University Press) pp73−77 (in Chinese)
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图 1 Fe3O4纳米颗粒的扫描电子显微镜形貌图(a)及UV-Vis吸收光谱(b)
Figure 1. Scanning electron microscopy image (a) and UV-Vis absorption spectrum (b) of Fe3O4 nanoparticle.
图 2 (a)液滴内光驱流动实验装置示意图; (b)液滴薄层内的流动示意图; (c)水平截面为高斯分布的光强分布示意图
Figure 2. (a) Schematic diagram of experimental system for light driven flow in droplet; (b) flow in a thin layer of droplet; (c) light intensity with Gaussian distribution in horizontal section.
图 3 不同光源驱动下Fe3O4颗粒的空间分布 (a) 明场; (b) UV照射3 s; (c) UV照射6 s; (d) Blue照射3 s; (e) Blue照射6 s; (f) Green照射3 s; (g) Green照射6 s
Figure 3. The spatial distribution of Fe3O4 particles driven by different light sources: (a) Bright field; (b) UV irradiation, 3 s; (c) UV irradiation, 6 s; (d) blue irradiation, 3 s; (e) blue irradiation, 6 s; (f) green irradiation, 3 s; (g) green irradiation, 6 s.
图 4 不同光源驱动下Fe3O4颗粒的速度分布 (a) UV照射3 s; (b) Blue照射3 s; (c) Green照射3 s
Figure 4. The velocity field of Fe3O4 particles driven by different light sources: (a) UV irradiation, 3 s; (b) blue irradiation, 3 s; (c) green irradiation, 3 s.
图 5 不同光源及浓度溶液下Fe3O4颗粒的最大运动速度
Figure 5. Maximum velocity of Fe3O4 particles under different light source and concentration.
图 6 UV光下液滴上表面的温度分布图(a)和温度随半径变化图(b)
Figure 6. Temperature field (a) and the change of temperature with radius (b) on the surface of droplets under UV light.
图 7 (a) Fe3O4颗粒的理论速度和实验速度的对比; (b)理论模型对应的速度分布及流线图
Figure 7. (a) A comparison between theoretical and experimental velocities of Fe3O4 particles; (b) velocity distribution and streamline corresponding to theoretical model.
图 8 可诱导涡流的三种等效作用力 (a)表面张力作用; (b)集中体力作用; (c)表面压力作用
Figure 8. Three equivalent forces that induce vortex: (a) Surface tension; (b) concentrating physical strength; (c) surface pressure.
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[1] Rivière D, Selva B, Chraibi H, Delabre U, Delville J P 2016 Phys. Rev. E 93 023112
Google Scholar
[2] 赵晟, 尹剑波, 赵晓鹏 2010 59 3302
Google Scholar
Zhao S, Yin J B, Zhao X P 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 3302
Google Scholar
[3] Vela E, Hafez M, Régnier S 2009 Int. J. Optomechatronics 3 289
Google Scholar
[4] Lee C Y, Chang C L, Wang Y N, Fu L M 2011 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 12 3263
Google Scholar
[5] Liu G L, Kim J, Lu Y, Lee L P 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 27
Google Scholar
[6] Kajorndejnukul V, Sukhov S, Dogariu A 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 14861
Google Scholar
[7] Xuan M, Wu Z, Shao J, Dai L, Si T, He Q 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 6492
Google Scholar
[8] Dervaux J, Resta M C, Brunet P 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 306
Google Scholar
[9] Ibele M, Mallouk T E, Sen A 2009 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 3308
Google Scholar
[10] Mou F Z, Kong L, Chen C R, Chen Z H, Xu L L, Guan J G 2016 Nanoscale 8 4976
Google Scholar
[11] Bricard A, Caussin J B, Desreumaux N, Dauchot O, Bartolo D 2013 Nature 503 95
Google Scholar
[12] 李银妹, 姚焜 2015 光镊技术 (北京: 科学出版社) 第23, 24页
Li Y M, Yao K 2015 Optical Tweezers Technology (Beijing: Science press) pp23, 24 (in Chinese)
[13] Thielicke W, Stamhuis E J 2014 J. Open Res. Software 2 e30
Google Scholar
[14] 彭晓峰, 林雪萍, 王补宣 1998 工程热 19 715
Peng X F, Lin X P, Wang B X 1998 J. Eng. Thermophys. 19 715
[15] 严宗毅 2002 低雷诺数流理论 (北京: 北京大学出版社) 第73−77页
Yan Z Y 2002 Low Reynolds Number Flow Theory (Beijing: Peking University Press) pp73−77 (in Chinese)
[16] Kagan D, Laocharoensuk R, Zimmerman M, Clawson C, Balasubramanian S, Kang D, Bishop D, Sattayasamitsathit S, Zhang L, Wang J 2010 Small 6 2741
Google Scholar
[17] Gao W, Kagan D, Pak O S, Clawson C, Campuzano S, Chuluun-Erdene C, Shipton E, Fullerton E E, Zhang L F, Lauga E, Joseph W 2012 Small 8 460
Google Scholar
[18] Manesh K M, Balasubramanian S, Wang J 2010 Chem. Commun. 46 5704
Google Scholar
[19] Manesh K M, Campuzano S, Gao W, Lobocastañón M J, Shitanda I, Kiantaj K, Wang J 2013 Nanoscale 5 1310
Google Scholar
[20] Chraibi H, Wunenburger R, Lasseux D, Petit J, Delville J P 2011 J. Fluid Mech. 688 195
Google Scholar
[21] Morgan H, Green N 2002 AC Electrokinetics: Colloids and Nanoparticles (England: Research Study Press) pp144−147
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