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Porous piezoelectric ceramic shows some advantages, such as high hydrostatic figure of merit, low acoustic impedance, and excellent piezoelectric sensitivity, compared with its compact counterpart. These merits make it used widely in various electronic devices, such as underwater acoustic transducer, ultrasonic transducer, and sensor. Currently, the researches of porous piezoelectric ceramics mainly focus on the Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 ceramic, which is harmful to environment and human health. In this paper, the lead-free porous barium titanate (BaTiO3) ceramic doped with dextrin is prepared by using the conventional solid-state method. The effects of sintered temperature and dextrin content on the structure, porosity, and morphology of the pores are studied experimentally and theoretically. Also, the relationship between porosity and dielectric, piezoelectricity, electro-mechanical coupling factor, acoustic impedance, and hydrostatic figure of merit are explored. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that the lattice constants of ceramic are not affected by dextrin. The BaTiO3 ceramic demonstrates single perovskite structure with P4mm space group. The SEM micrograph reveals that the porous ceramic has three-dimensional open pores with the size of 1−7
${\text{μ}}{\rm m}$ . Sintering temperature plays a key role in porosity in the BaTiO3 ceramic. The porosity of ceramic gradually declines with sintered temperature increasing from 1250 to 1300 °C. The max porosity of up to 58% is obtained in 10% dextrin-doped BaTiO3 ceramic sintered at 1250 °C. The porosity of 5% dextrin-doped ceramic is smaller than that of the undoped one when the sintering temperature is 1250 °C or 1280 °C, indicating that a small amount of dextrin is beneficial to the densification of BaTiO3 ceramic. Both the dielectric and piezoelectric property gradually decrease with dextrin content increasing. For the BaTiO3 ceramic, high sintering temperature contributes to better dielectric and piezoelectric property than low temperature. Here, the ceramic with 10% of dextrin sintered at 1250 °C exhibits the highest hydrostatic figure of merit (8376 × 10–15 Pa–1) and the lowest acoustic impedance (~ 2.84 Mrayls). The binding force between grains is also obviously enhanced in the ceramic sintered at 1280 °C, which is very helpful for their mechanical strength improvement. The excellent properties of the BaTiO3 ceramic doped with dextrin indicate its potential applications in sensor and hydrophone.-
Keywords:
- lead-free piezoelectric ceramics /
- barium titanate /
- porous structure /
- hydrostatic figure of merit
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图 1 不同糊精含量的BaTiO3陶瓷粉体的XRD图谱
Figure 1. XRD of BaTiO3 ceramics powder with different dextrin content.
图 2 多孔BaTiO3陶瓷孔隙率和体积密度随加入糊精量的变化曲线 (a) 孔隙率; (b) 相对密度
Figure 2. Variation of porosity and density as a function of dextrin content in BaTiO3 ceramics: (a) Porosity; (b) relativity density.
图 3 不同烧结温度下糊精添加量为10%的BaTiO3陶瓷的SEM图 (a) 1250 ℃; (b) 1280 ℃; (c) 1300 ℃; 图(a)插图为糊精的SEM照片
Figure 3. SEM photos of 10% dextrin-doped porous BaTiO3 ceramics sintered at different temperature: (a) 1250 °C; (b) 1280 °C; (c) 1300 °C. The inset of Fig. (a) is the SEM of dextrin.
图 4 不同烧结温度下糊精添加量为10%的BaTiO3陶瓷放大的SEM图 (a) 1250 ℃; (b) 1280 ℃
Figure 4. Enlarged SEM photos of 10% dextrin-doped porous BaTiO3 ceramics sintered at different temperature: (a) 1250 °C; (b) 1280 °C.
图 5 不同烧结温度下BaTiO3陶瓷压电应变常数d33与糊精含量的关系 (a) 1250 ℃; (b) 1280 ℃
Figure 5. Dependence of d33 on dextrin content in porous BaTiO3 ceramics sintered at different temperature: (a) 1250 °C; (b) 1280 °C.
图 6 1250 ℃和1280 ℃烧结的BaTiO3陶瓷介电常数(
${\varepsilon _ {\rm{r}}}$ )和平面机电耦合系数(kp)随糊精添加量的变化关系(a) 介电常数; (b) 平面机电耦合系数Figure 6. Dependence of
${\varepsilon _ {\rm{r}}}$ and kp on dextrin content in porous BaTiO3 ceramics sintered at 1250 °C and 1280 °C: (a)${\varepsilon _ {\rm{r}}}$ ; (b) kp.
图 7 1250 ℃和1280 ℃烧结的多孔BaTiO3陶瓷声阻抗(Z)随糊精添加量的变化曲线
Figure 7. Dependence of acoustic impedance on dextrin content in porous BaTiO3 ceramics sintered at 1250 °C and 1280 °C.
图 8 多孔BaTiO3陶瓷静水压优值(HFOM)随糊精添加量的变化柱状图, 插图为1280 ℃烧结不同糊精添加量陶瓷的SEM图 (a)15%; (b)10%
Figure 8. Hydrostatic figure of merit of porous BaTiO3 ceramics as a function of dextrin content, the SEM photos of 1280 °C sintered ceramics with different dextrin content in the inset: (a) 15%; (b) 10%.
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[1] Deville S 2008 Adv. Eng. Mater. 10 155
Google Scholar
[2] 朱小龙, 苏雪筠 2000 中国陶瓷 36 36
Google Scholar
Zhu X L, Su X Y 2000 Chin. Ceram. 36 36
Google Scholar
[3] Guo R, Wang C A, Yang A K 2011 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 31 605
Google Scholar
[4] Ryosuke B, Tomoaki K, Tadashi F 2016 J. Chin. Ceram. Soc. 3 9
Google Scholar
[5] Zhu S, Cao L, Xiong Z, Lu C, Gao Z 2018 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38 2251
Google Scholar
[6] 全宸良, 娄盛涵, 刘勃, 陈宇翔, 张里程, 唐佩福 2017 解放军医学院学报 38 430
Google Scholar
Quan C L, Lou S H, Liu B, Chen Y X, Zhang L C, Tang P F 2017 J. PLA Med. Coll. 38 430
Google Scholar
[7] Zhang Y, Roscow J, Xie M, Bowen C 2018 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38 4203
Google Scholar
[8] 蒋招绣, 辛铭之, 申海艇, 刘雨生 2015 64 134601
Google Scholar
Jiang Z X, Xin M Z, Shen H T, Liu Y S 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 134601
Google Scholar
[9] 刘炜 2014 博士学位论文(山西: 中北大学)
Liu W 2014 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanxi: North University) (in Chinese)
[10] Eichhorn F, Stenzel A, Weisenseel B, Travitzky N, Kakimoto K I 2017 Mater. Lett. 206 158
Google Scholar
[11] Xu T, Wang C A 2016 Mater. Des. 91 242
Google Scholar
[12] Roscow J I, Lewis R W C, Taylor J, Bowen C R 2017 Acta Mater. 128 207
Google Scholar
[13] Liu B L, Chen L J, Shao C S, Zhang F Q, Zhou K C, Cao J, Zhang D 2016 Mater. Sci. Eng., C 61 8
Google Scholar
[14] Li P, Pu Y, Dong Z, Gao P 2014 J. Electron. Mater. 43 459
Google Scholar
[15] Kim J G, Ha J G, Lim T W, Park K 2006 Mater. Lett. 60 1505
Google Scholar
[16] Tan J, Li Z R 2016 J. Mater. Sci. 51 5092
Google Scholar
[17] 汤婷 2009 硕士学位论文(湖北: 华中科技大学)
Tang T 2009 M.S. Thesis (Hubei: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese)
[18] 曾涛, 董显林, 毛朝梁, 梁瑞虹, 杨洪 2006 55 3073
Google Scholar
Zeng T, Dong X L, Mao C L, Liang R H, Yang H 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 3073
Google Scholar
[19] 聂恒昌, 王永龄, 贺红亮, 王根水, 董显林 2018 无机材料学报 33 153
Nie H C, Wang Y L, He H L, Wang G S, Dong X L 2018 J. Inorg. Mater. 33 153
[20] Xu T, Wang C A 2016 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36 2647
Google Scholar
[21] Okazaki K, Nagata K 1973 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 56 82
Google Scholar
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