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A novel phase measurement method based on the schlieren apparatus is proposed, and the ultrafast phase evolution of the ejected material generated during the femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum is experimentally studied by this method. Different from the conventional schlieren technique, the phase measurement method presented in this work uses coherent light as the illuminating light. The specimen's phase under-test is derived with the help of the interference between the light which irradiates the surroundings of the specimen and the light which transmits through the specimen and diffracts on the razor edge of the schlieren apparatus. One remarkable merit of this method is that it can clearly exhibit the specimen's phase variation of mπ or 2mπ (m is an integer). The ultrafast process of the ejected material generated during the 5.4 J/cm2, 50 fs laser pulses ablation of the aluminum target is investigated by this novel phase measurement method and the pump-probe technique. Results show that the ejected material is composed of three sequentially appearing regions with different phase evolving processes, which are respectively corresponding to the ejected plasma-state material, the successively ejected material normal to the target surface and the shock wave. It is also found that during the time interval of 0–9.0 ns after the femtosecond pulse strikes the target, the phase of the ejected plasma-state material varies beyond π due to the expansion and recombination, but the phase variation of the successively ejected material does not exceed π.
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Keywords:
- phase measurement method /
- schlieren technique /
- coherent light illumination /
- pump-probe technique
[1] Lu P, Men L, Sooley K, Chen Q 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 131110
[2] Rodriguez G, Valenzuela A R, Yellampalle B, Schmitt M J, Kim K Y 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25 1988
[3] Yuan C J, Zhai H C, Wang X L, Wu L 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 218 (in Chinese) [袁操今, 翟宏琛, 王晓雷, 吴兰 2007 56 218]
[4] Chigarev N, Tournat V, Gusev V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 144102
[5] Hu H F, Wang X L, Li Z L, Zhang N, Zhai H C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7662 (in Chinese) [胡浩峰, 王晓雷, 李智磊, 张楠, 翟宏琛 2009 58 7662]
[6] Berry S A, Gates J C, Brocklesby W S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 141107
[7] Xu X F, Cai L Z, Wang Y R, Li D L 2010 Chin. Phys. Lett. 27 024215
[8] Börner M, Fils J, Frank A, Blažević A, Hessling T, Pelka A, Schaumann G, Schökel A, Schumacher D, Basko M M, Maruhn J, Tauschwitz A, Roth M 2012 Rev. Sci. Inst. 83 043501
[9] Gao P, Yao B, Harder I, Lindlein N, Torcal-Milla F J 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 4305
[10] Popescu G, Deflores L P, Vaughan J C 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 2503
[11] Albrecht H S, Heist P, Kleinschmidt J, Lap D V 1993 Appl. Phys. B
[12] Paganin D, Nugent K A 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 2586
[13] Estevadeordal J, Gogineni S, Kimmel R L, Hayes J R 2007 Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci. 32 98
[14] Brackenridge J B, Gilbert W P 1965 Appl. Opt. 4 819
[15] Zhang N, Zhu X, Yang J, Wang X, Wang M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 167602
[16] Zhang N, Yang J J, Wang M W, Zhu X N 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 3281
[17] Chung S H, Mazur E 2009 J. Biophoton. 10 557
[18] Frankevich V, Nieckarz R J, Sagulenko P N, Barylyuk K, Zenobi R, Levitsky L I, Agapov A Y, Perlova T Y, Gorshkov M V, Tarasova I A 2012 Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 26 1567
[19] Settles G S 2006 Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques: visualizing phenomena in transparent media (2st Edn.) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p33
[20] Su X, Li J 1999 Information Optics (Beijing: Science Press) p54 (in Chinese) [苏显渝, 李继陶 1999 信息光学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第54页]
[21] Zhang N, Yang J, Zhu X 2012 Chin. J. Laser. 39 0503002 (in Chinese) [张楠, 杨景辉, 朱晓农 2012 中国激光 39 0503002]
[22] Vidal F, Johnston T W, Laville S, Barthélemy O, Chaker M, Drogoff B L, Margot J, Sabsabi M 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2573
[23] Perez D, Lewis L J 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 255504
[24] Hu H, Wang X, Zhai H 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 124
[25] Sedov L I 1993 Similarity and dimensional methods in mechanics (Boca Raton: CRC Press) p261-296
[26] Strohbehn J W, Clifford S F 1978 Laser beam propagation in the atmosphere (New York: Springer-Verlag) p10
[27] Wu Z, Zhu X, Zhang N 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 053113
[28] Guo S H 1997 Electrodynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p173 (in Chinese) p173 [郭硕鸿 1997 电动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第173页]
[29] Sirven J B, Bousquet B, Canioni L, Sarger L 2004 Spectrochim. Acta Parb B 59 1033
[30] Callies G, Berger P, Hugel H 1995 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 794
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[1] Lu P, Men L, Sooley K, Chen Q 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 131110
[2] Rodriguez G, Valenzuela A R, Yellampalle B, Schmitt M J, Kim K Y 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25 1988
[3] Yuan C J, Zhai H C, Wang X L, Wu L 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 218 (in Chinese) [袁操今, 翟宏琛, 王晓雷, 吴兰 2007 56 218]
[4] Chigarev N, Tournat V, Gusev V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 144102
[5] Hu H F, Wang X L, Li Z L, Zhang N, Zhai H C 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7662 (in Chinese) [胡浩峰, 王晓雷, 李智磊, 张楠, 翟宏琛 2009 58 7662]
[6] Berry S A, Gates J C, Brocklesby W S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 141107
[7] Xu X F, Cai L Z, Wang Y R, Li D L 2010 Chin. Phys. Lett. 27 024215
[8] Börner M, Fils J, Frank A, Blažević A, Hessling T, Pelka A, Schaumann G, Schökel A, Schumacher D, Basko M M, Maruhn J, Tauschwitz A, Roth M 2012 Rev. Sci. Inst. 83 043501
[9] Gao P, Yao B, Harder I, Lindlein N, Torcal-Milla F J 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 4305
[10] Popescu G, Deflores L P, Vaughan J C 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 2503
[11] Albrecht H S, Heist P, Kleinschmidt J, Lap D V 1993 Appl. Phys. B
[12] Paganin D, Nugent K A 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 2586
[13] Estevadeordal J, Gogineni S, Kimmel R L, Hayes J R 2007 Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci. 32 98
[14] Brackenridge J B, Gilbert W P 1965 Appl. Opt. 4 819
[15] Zhang N, Zhu X, Yang J, Wang X, Wang M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 167602
[16] Zhang N, Yang J J, Wang M W, Zhu X N 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 3281
[17] Chung S H, Mazur E 2009 J. Biophoton. 10 557
[18] Frankevich V, Nieckarz R J, Sagulenko P N, Barylyuk K, Zenobi R, Levitsky L I, Agapov A Y, Perlova T Y, Gorshkov M V, Tarasova I A 2012 Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 26 1567
[19] Settles G S 2006 Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques: visualizing phenomena in transparent media (2st Edn.) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag) p33
[20] Su X, Li J 1999 Information Optics (Beijing: Science Press) p54 (in Chinese) [苏显渝, 李继陶 1999 信息光学 (北京: 科学出版社) 第54页]
[21] Zhang N, Yang J, Zhu X 2012 Chin. J. Laser. 39 0503002 (in Chinese) [张楠, 杨景辉, 朱晓农 2012 中国激光 39 0503002]
[22] Vidal F, Johnston T W, Laville S, Barthélemy O, Chaker M, Drogoff B L, Margot J, Sabsabi M 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 2573
[23] Perez D, Lewis L J 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 255504
[24] Hu H, Wang X, Zhai H 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 124
[25] Sedov L I 1993 Similarity and dimensional methods in mechanics (Boca Raton: CRC Press) p261-296
[26] Strohbehn J W, Clifford S F 1978 Laser beam propagation in the atmosphere (New York: Springer-Verlag) p10
[27] Wu Z, Zhu X, Zhang N 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 053113
[28] Guo S H 1997 Electrodynamics (Beijing: Higher Education Press) p173 (in Chinese) p173 [郭硕鸿 1997 电动力学 (北京: 高等教育出版社) 第173页]
[29] Sirven J B, Bousquet B, Canioni L, Sarger L 2004 Spectrochim. Acta Parb B 59 1033
[30] Callies G, Berger P, Hugel H 1995 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28 794
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