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The accurate localization of iris center is difficult since the outer boundary of iris is often occluded significantly by the eyelids. In order to solve this problem, an infrared light source un-coaxial with the camera is used to produce dark pupil image for pupil center estimation. Firstly, the 3D position of the center of cornea curvature, which is used as translational movement information of eyeball, is computed using two cameras and the coordinates of two cornea reflections on the cameras' imaging planes. Then, the relative displacement of pupil center from the projection of the cornea curvature center on 2D image is extracted, describing the rotational movement of the eyeball. Finally, the feature vector is mapped into coordinates of gazing point on the screen using artificial neural network. As for the eye region detection problem, two wide-view webcams are used, and adaptive boosting+active appearance model algorithm is adopted to limit the region of interest within a small area. The result of our experiment shows that the average root-mean-square error is 0.62 in horizontal direction and 1.05 in vertical direction, which demonstrates the effectiveness of our solution in eye gaze tracking.
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Keywords:
- dark pupil /
- artificial neural network /
- adaptive boosting /
- active appearance model
[1] Liu S S, Rawicz A, Rezaei S, Ma T, Zhang C, Lin K, Wu E 2012 J. Med. Biol. Eng. 32 111
[2] Lim C J, Kim D 2012 Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 185 151
[3] Corcoran P M, Nanu F, Petrescu S, Bigioi P 2012 IEEE Trans. Consum. Electr. 58 347
[4] Laura S S, Villanueva A, Cabeza R 2012 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59 2235
[5] Ebisawa Y 1998 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 47 948
[6] Villanueva A, Cabeza R 2008 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55 2812.
[7] Nagamatsu T, Kamahara J, Iko T, Tanaka N 2008 Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications Savannah, Georgia, March 26-28, 2008 p95
[8] Guestrin E D, Eizenman M 2006 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 53 1124
[9] Zhu Z W, Ji Q 2007 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54 2246
[10] Nagamatsu T, Iwamoto Y, Kamahara J, Tanaka N, Yamamoto M 2010 Proceedings of the 2010 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications Austin, Texas, March 22-4, 2010 p255
[11] Arun K S, Huang T S, Blostein S D 1987 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. 9 698
[12] Pogalin E, Redert A, Patras I, Hendriks E A 2006 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission Chapel Hill, North Carolina, June 14-16, 2006 p57
[13] Matthews I, Baker S 2004 Int. J. Comput. Vision 60 135
[14] Zhang W, Cheng B, Zhang B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 060701 (in Chinese) [张伟, 成波, 张波 2012 61 060701]
[15] Zhang Z T, Zhang J S 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 104601
[16] Viola P, Jones M J 2004 Int. J. Comput. Vision 57 137
[17] Zhang L, Chu R F, Xiang S M, Lian S C, Li S Z 2007 Proceedings of 2007 International Conference on Biometrics Seoul, Korea, August 27–29, 2007 p11
[18] Wang J G, Sung E, Venkateswarlu R 2005 Comput. Vis. Image Und. 98 83
[19] Zhang C, Chi J N, Zhang Z H, Wang Z L 2010 Acta Automatica Sinica 36 1051 (in Chinese) [张闯, 迟健男, 张朝晖, 王志良 2010 自动化学报 36 1051]
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[1] Liu S S, Rawicz A, Rezaei S, Ma T, Zhang C, Lin K, Wu E 2012 J. Med. Biol. Eng. 32 111
[2] Lim C J, Kim D 2012 Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 185 151
[3] Corcoran P M, Nanu F, Petrescu S, Bigioi P 2012 IEEE Trans. Consum. Electr. 58 347
[4] Laura S S, Villanueva A, Cabeza R 2012 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59 2235
[5] Ebisawa Y 1998 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 47 948
[6] Villanueva A, Cabeza R 2008 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55 2812.
[7] Nagamatsu T, Kamahara J, Iko T, Tanaka N 2008 Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications Savannah, Georgia, March 26-28, 2008 p95
[8] Guestrin E D, Eizenman M 2006 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 53 1124
[9] Zhu Z W, Ji Q 2007 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 54 2246
[10] Nagamatsu T, Iwamoto Y, Kamahara J, Tanaka N, Yamamoto M 2010 Proceedings of the 2010 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications Austin, Texas, March 22-4, 2010 p255
[11] Arun K S, Huang T S, Blostein S D 1987 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. 9 698
[12] Pogalin E, Redert A, Patras I, Hendriks E A 2006 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission Chapel Hill, North Carolina, June 14-16, 2006 p57
[13] Matthews I, Baker S 2004 Int. J. Comput. Vision 60 135
[14] Zhang W, Cheng B, Zhang B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 060701 (in Chinese) [张伟, 成波, 张波 2012 61 060701]
[15] Zhang Z T, Zhang J S 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 104601
[16] Viola P, Jones M J 2004 Int. J. Comput. Vision 57 137
[17] Zhang L, Chu R F, Xiang S M, Lian S C, Li S Z 2007 Proceedings of 2007 International Conference on Biometrics Seoul, Korea, August 27–29, 2007 p11
[18] Wang J G, Sung E, Venkateswarlu R 2005 Comput. Vis. Image Und. 98 83
[19] Zhang C, Chi J N, Zhang Z H, Wang Z L 2010 Acta Automatica Sinica 36 1051 (in Chinese) [张闯, 迟健男, 张朝晖, 王志良 2010 自动化学报 36 1051]
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