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The new all-inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite material is expected to be used as an absorbing layer to prepare solar cells for efficient and stable commercial devices. However, the problems of high cost and poor stability, caused by precious metal electrodes and hole transport materials, urgently need solving. Therefore, carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) based on the HTL-free all-inorganic system have attracted widespread attention. This work adopts a strategy of finely regulating the ratio of I to Br in X-site of perovskite. Using the one-step anti-solvent method, CsPbIxBr3–x films and HTL-free C-PSCs are prepared under ambient air condition. By comparing their light absorption characteristics, carrier transport, and corresponding optoelectronic properties, a balance point between efficiency and stability is found. Finally, HTL-free C-PSCs achieve an optimal efficiency of 10.10% and can be stably prepared under ambient air conditions. In order to further improve the performance of the corresponding devices, phenylethylammonium bromide (PEABr) is introduced into the perovskite, and the crystallinity, carrier transport, defect situation, and corresponding optoelectronic properties of perovskite films and devices are compared under different conditions. Ultimately, the perovskite film treated with PEABr reaches better crystallinity and lower defect density, while generating a small amount of two-dimensional perovskite which can passivate the perovskite film and suppress non-radiative recombination of charge carriers. After appropriate PEABr treatment, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device is significantly enhanced, increasing from 10.18% of the optimal device in the control group to 12.61%. Thus, this method provides an optimal approach for preparing efficient and low-cost HTL-free C-PSCs under ambient air environments.
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Keywords:
- all-inorganic perovskite /
- solar cells /
- component control /
- additive engineering
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图 1 基于组分调控策略制备钙钛矿薄膜的流程示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the process for preparing perovskite films based on component control strategy.
图 2 基于添加剂工程制备钙钛矿薄膜的流程示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the process for preparing perovskite films based on additive engineering.
图 3 钙钛矿前驱液照片 (a) 过滤前; (b) 过滤后
Figure 3. Photograph of perovskite precursor solution: (a) Before filtration; (b) after filtering.
图 4 CsPbIxBr3–x薄膜照片 (a) 刚退火后; (b) 大气环境下放置一周后
Figure 4. Photograph of CsPbIxBr3–x films: (a) Just after annealing; (b) after being placed in ambient air environment for one week.
图 5 CsPbIxBr3–x薄膜的UV-vis光谱图
Figure 5. UV-vis spectra of CsPbIxBr3–x films.
图 6 CsPbIxBr3–x薄膜的稳态PL光谱图
Figure 6. Steady state PL spectrum of CsPbIxBr3–x films.
图 7 CsPbIxBr3–x不同I-Br配比下的最佳器件的J-V曲线
Figure 7. J-V curves of optimal devices with different I-Br ratios for CsPbIxBr3–x.
图 8 不同含量PEABr处理的钙钛矿薄膜的XRD图
Figure 8. XRD patterns of perovskite films treated with different concentrations of PEABr.
图 9 不同含量PEABr处理的钙钛矿薄膜的稳态PL光谱图
Figure 9. Steady state PL spectrum of perovskite films treated with different concentrations of PEABr.
图 10 不同含量PEABr处理的最佳器件的J-V曲线
Figure 10. J-V curves of optimal devices treated with different concentrations of PEABr.
图 11 不同含量PEABr处理的器件的光伏统计 (a) VOC; (b) JSC; (c) FF; (d) PCE
Figure 11. Photovoltaic statistics of devices treated with different concentrations of PEABr: (a) VOC; (b) JSC; (c) FF; (d) PCE.
图 12 有无PEABr处理的器件在最大功率点时的稳态光电流和输出PCE
Figure 12. Steady state photocurrent and output PCE of devices with or without PEABr processing at maximum power point.
图 13 有无PEABr处理的器件的暗态J-V曲线
Figure 13. Dark state J-V curves of devices with or without PEABr treatment.
图 14 有无PEABr处理的器件的SCLC曲线
Figure 14. SCLC curves of devices with or without PEABr treatment.
图 15 有无PEABr处理的器件的电化学阻抗谱(插图为等效电路图)
Figure 15. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of devices with or without PEABr treatment (illustrated as equivalent circuit diagram).
表 1 CsPbIxBr3–x不同I-Br配比下的最佳器件的具体光伏参数
Table 1. The specific photovoltaic parameters of CsPbIxBr3–x devices with different I-Br ratios.
Device VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) FF/% PCE/% CsPbIBr2 1.29 7.74 50.68 5.09 CsPbI1.2Br1.8 1.27 9.47 54.63 6.57 CsPbI1.4Br1.6 1.26 10.46 55.54 7.32 CsPbI1.6Br1.4 1.25 11.99 56.91 8.53 CsPbI1.8Br1.2 1.22 12.95 63.93 10.10 CsPbI2Br 1.21 13.61 62.30 10.26 
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表 2 不同含量PEABr处理的器件的具体光伏参数
Table 2. Specific photovoltaic parameters of devices treated with PEABr at different concentrations.
Device Type VOC/V JSC/(mA·cm–2) FF/% PCE/% w/o-PEABr Max 1.23 13.18 62.59 10.18 Average 1.22 ± 0.02 13.22 ± 0.22 60.08 ± 2.45 9.66 ± 0.41 30-PEABr Max 1.26 14.15 65.92 11.73 Average 1.25 ± 0.02 14.01 ± 0.68 62.55 ± 1.79 10.93 ± 0.49 50-PEABr Max 1.28 15.19 64.98 12.61 Average 1.28 ± 0.02 14.71 ± 0.62 63.14 ± 1.65 11.84 ± 0.54 70-PEABr Max 1.27 14.92 63.72 12.05 Average 1.27 ± 0.02 14.24 ± 0.45 61.96 ± 1.03 11.18 ± 0.49 注: 表中的平均值是由40组器件(每个条件10组)计算得出.
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表 3 有无PEABr处理的器件的Nyquist plots模拟结果
Table 3. Nyquist plot simulation results of devices with and without PEABr processing.
Device RS/Ω Rrec/Ω w/o-PEABr 68.89 6776 with-PEABr 48.53 24866
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[1] Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M , Gratzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
Google Scholar
[2] Wang Y C, Chang J W, Zhu L P, Li X D, Song C J, Fang J F 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater 28 1706317
Google Scholar
[3] Niu T Q, Lu J, Munir R, Li J B, Barrit D, Zhang X, Hu H L, Yang Z, Amassian A, Zhao K, Liu S Z 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1706576
Google Scholar
[4] Li Q Y, Liu H, Hou C H, Yan H M, Li S D, Chen P, Xu H Y, Yu W Y, Zhao Y P, Sui Y P, Zhong Q X, Ji Y Q, Shyue J J, Jia S, Yang B, Tang P Y, Gong Q H, Zhao L C, Zhu R 2024 Nat. Energy
Google Scholar
[5] Zhou Y Y, Zhao Y X 2019 Energ. Environ. Sci. 12 1495
Google Scholar
[6] Chen S, Wen X M, Huang S J, Huang F Z, Cheng Y B, Green M, Ho-Baillie A 2017 Sol. RRL 1 1600001
Google Scholar
[7] Brinkmann K, Zhao J, Pourdavoud N, Becker T, Hu T, Olthof S, Meerholz K, Hoffmann L, Gahlmann T, Heiderhoff R, Oszajca M, Luechinger N, Rogalla D, Chen Y, Cheng B, Riedl T 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 13938
Google Scholar
[8] Liu C, Li W Z, Zhang C L, Ma Y P, Fan J D, Mai Y H 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 3825
Google Scholar
[9] Chen M, Ju M G, Garces H F, Carl A D, Ono L K, Hawash Z, Zhang Y, Shen T, Qi Y B, Grimm R L, Pacifici D, Zeng X C, Zhou Y Y, Padture N P 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 16
Google Scholar
[10] Wang J, Zhang J, Zhou Y Z, Liu H B, Xue Q F, Li X S, Chueh C C, Yip H L, Zhu Z L, Jen A K Y 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 177
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang X, Yu Z H, Zhang D, Tai Q D, Zhao X Z 2022 Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2201320
[12] Zhang H, Xiang W C, Zuo X J, Gu X J, Zhang S, Du Y C, Wang Z T, Liu Y L, Wu H F, Wang P J, Cui Q Y, Su H, Tian Q W, Liu S Z 2022 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 62 e202216634
[13] Chen H N, Yang S H 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1603994
Google Scholar
[14] Caliò L, Salado M, Kazim S, Ahmad S 2018 Joule 2 1800
Google Scholar
[15] Wang K, Liu X Y, Huang R, Wu C C, Yang D, Hu X W, Jiang X F, Duchamp J C, Dorn H, Priya S 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1852
Google Scholar
[16] Xu B, Zhu Z L, Zhang J B, Liu H B, Chueh C C, Li X S, Jen A K Y 2017 Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1700683
Google Scholar
[17] Liang J, Wang C X, Wang Y R, Xu Z R, Lu Z P, Ma Y, Zhu H F, Hu Y, Xiao C C, Yi X, Zhu G Y, Lv H L, Ma L B, Chen T, Tie Z X, Jin Z, Liu J 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 15829
Google Scholar
[18] Gong S P, Li H Y, Chen Z Q, Shou C H, Huang M J, Yang S W 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 34882
Google Scholar
[19] Hadadian M, Smatt J H, Correa-Baena J P 2020 Energ. Environ. Sci. 13 1377
Google Scholar
[20] Wu X, Qi F, Li F Z, Deng X, Li Z, Wu S F, Liu T T, Liu Y Z, Zhang J, Zhu Z L 2020 Energy Environ. Mater. 4 95
[21] Wang Y, Liu X M, Zhang T Y, Wang X T, Kan M, Shi J L, Zhao Y X 2019 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 58 16691
Google Scholar
[22] Domanski K, Alharbi E A, Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M, Tress W 2018 Nat. Energy 3 61
Google Scholar
[23] Kye Y H, Yu C J, Jong U G, Chen Y, Walsh A 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett 9 2196
Google Scholar
[24] Wang Z T, Tian Q W, Zhang H, Xie H D, Du Y C, Liu L, Feng X L, Najar A, Ren X D, Liu S Z 2023 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 62 e202305815
Google Scholar
[25] Zhou Q W, Duan J L, Du J, Guo Q Y, Zhang Q Y, Yang X Y, Duan Y Y, Tang Q W 2021 Adv. Sci. 8 2101418
Google Scholar
[26] Duan J L, Zhao Y Y, He B L, Tang Q W 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 57 3787
Google Scholar
[27] Li M, Yeh H H, Chiang Y H, Jeng U S, Su C J, Shiu H W, Hsu Y J, Kosugi N, Ohigashi T, Chen Y A, Shen P S, Chen P, Guo T F 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 e1801401
Google Scholar
[28] Liu X Y, Liu Z Y, Sun B, Tan X H, Ye H B, Tu Y X, Shi T L, Tang Z R, Liao G L 2018 Nano Energy 50 201
Google Scholar
[29] Han Q J, Yang S Z, Wang L, Yu F Y, Zhang C, Wu M X, Ma T L 2021 Sol. Energy 216 351
Google Scholar
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