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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been widely used in food and drug detection, biological and medical sensing. In recent years, the study of non-metallic SERS substrates has gradually become a hot field of SERS. Here, we investigate the modulation effect on SERS activities of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetrachyanoquindimethylene (F4TCNQ) grown on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films. The different nanostructures of F4TCNQ can have an effect on the bound capability of charges transferred from the surface of MoS2, which changes the electron density distribution on the surface of the F4TCNQ/MoS2 nanocomposite material. Therefore, the interface exhibits different charge localizations in the F4TCNQ/MoS2 nanocomposite. The charge transfer efficiency between the substrate and the adsorbed probe molecules leads the substrate to show a different SERS sensitivity. The enhancement factor of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) molecules on the most optimized 7-min F4TCNQ/MoS2 nanocomposite substrate can reach
$ 6.9\times {10}^{4} $ , and the detection limit concentration is as low as 10–6 mol/L. The result of research on F4TCNQ/MoS2 nanocomposite provides an effective optimization scheme of energy level regulation for SERS based on the chemical enhancement mechanism, and opens up a new way to further exploit its functional applications.-
Keywords:
- F4TCNQ/MoS2 /
- surface-enhanced Raman scattering /
- chemical enhancement /
- energy level modulation
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[20] Venables J, Spiller G, Hanbucken M 1999 Rep. Prog. Phys. 47 399
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[21] Park J, Choudhary N, Smith J, Lee G, Kim M, Choi W 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 012104
Google Scholar
[22] McHale G, Aqil S, Shirtcliffe N J, Newton M I, Erbil H Y 2005 Langmuir 21 11053
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[25] Finkelstein G, Shtrikman H, Bar-Joseph I I 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 976
Google Scholar
[26] Tongay S, Suh J, Ataca C, Fan W, Luce A, Kang J S, Liu J, Ko C, Raghunathanan R, Zhou J, Ogletree F, Li J, Grossman J C, Wu J 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2657
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Google Scholar
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图 1 (a)纯和(b)喷金MoS2薄膜的扫描电子显微镜图; (c)—(g) 不同生长时间的F4TCNQ/MoS2 (T1—T5)的扫描电子显微镜图(喷金); (f) MoS2薄膜上F4TCNQ纳米岛的数量和直径随时间分布图
Figure 1. SEM images of (a) pure MoS2 and (b) gold-sprayed MoS2 thin films; (c)−(g) SEM images of F4TCNQ/MoS2 (T1−T5) with different growth times (gold-sprayed); (f) the quantity and size distributions of F4TCNQ nanoisland deposited on MoS2 film over time.
图 2 (a), (b) MoS2薄膜边缘处的AFM图和相应的高度图; (c), (d) 小范围的MoS2薄膜表面的AFM图和相应高度图; (e)—(i) T1—T5样品的形貌图、沿图中直线扫描的高度和接触电势差谱线图
Figure 2. (a), (b) The AFM image and the corresponding height profile of the edge of MoS2 film, respectively. (c), (d) The AFM image and the corresponding height profile of the small range of MoS2 film surfaces, respectively. (e)−(i) The topography of T1−T5 samples, height and CPD spectrum scanned along the line in AFM figures.
图 3 (a) 10
$\text{μ}\rm{L}$ 水滴在纯MoS2薄膜和T2基底上的光学图像; (b) F4TCNQ, MoS2和T1—T5的拉曼光谱; (c) F4TCNQ, MoS2和T1—T5的光致发光谱Figure 3. (a) Optical images of 10
$\text{μ}\rm{L}$ water droplet on pristine MoS2 film and T2 substrate; (b) Raman spectra of F4TCNQ, MoS2 and T1−T5; (c) PL spectra of F4TCNQ, MoS2 and T1−T5.
图 4 4-MBA分子(10–3 mol/L)在T1—T5上的拉曼光谱(a)及其拉曼峰强度与生长时间之间的关系(b); (c) 5组4-MBA分子(10–3 mol/L)在T1—T5基底上的1593
$ {\rm{c}\rm{m}}^{-1} $ 处的拉曼峰强度与生长时间之间的关系; (d) 10–3 mol/L浓度的4-MBA分子在不同基底上的拉曼光谱; (e) 不同浓度(10–7—10–3 mol/L)的4-MBA分子在T2上的SERS图谱; (f) T2基底上4-MBA 分子的1097$ {\rm{c}\rm{m}}^{-1} $ 和1593$ {\rm{c}\rm{m}}^{-1} $ 处的拉曼峰值强度与浓度之间的关系; (g) F4TCNQ/MoS2纳米复合异质结构的电荷转移以及该基底与4-MBA探针分子的电荷转移示意图Figure 4. The Raman spectra (a) of 4-MBA molecules (10–3 mol/L) on T1−T5 substrates; (b) the interrelationship between the corresponding Raman peak intensities and different growth times in the panel (a); (c) the relationship of the Raman peak intensity at 1593
$ {\rm{c}\rm{m}}^{-1} $ for 5 groups of 4-MBA molecules (10–3 mol/L) on T1−T5 substrates and the growth times; (d) Raman spectra of 4-MBA molecules on different substrates; (e) SERS spectra of 4-MBA molecules on T2 substrate with different concentrations (10–7− 10–3 mol/L); (f) the relationship between the intensity of the SERS peak at 1097 and 1593$ {\rm{c}\rm{m}}^{-1} $ and different 4-MBA concentrations; (g) the schematic of the charge transfer (CT) pathways in F4TCNQ/MoS2 nanocomposite heterostructures and the CT pathways between F4TCNQ/MoS2 substrate and 4-MBA probe molecule.
图 5 (a) R6G分子(10–9 mol/L)在T1—T5基底上的拉曼光谱; (b) MB分子(10–5 mol/L)在T1—T5基底上的拉曼光谱; (c) R6G分子的拉曼峰强度与生长时间之间的关系; (d) MB分子的拉曼峰强度与生长时间之间的关系
Figure 5. (a) The Raman spectra of R6G molecules (10–9 mol/L) on T1−T5 substrates; (b) the Raman spectra of MB molecules (10–5 mol/L) on T1−T5 substrates; (c) the interrelationship between the Raman peak intensities of R6G molecules and growth times; (d) the interrelationship between the Raman peak intensities of MB molecules and growth times.
表 1 MoS2和T1—T5样品的水接触角、CPD和相应的费米能级值
Table 1. Water contact angles, CPD values and corresponding Fermi level values on MoS2 and T1−T5 substrates.
检测基底 角度/(°) CPD/$ \rm{V} $ 费米能级/$ \rm{e}\rm{V} $ MoS2 $ 47\pm 0.2 $ 0.048 –5.08 T1 $ 66.6\pm 1.1 $ –0.1 –5.23 T2 $ 68\pm 0.9 $ –0.043 –5.17 T3 $ 70.7\pm 1.6 $ –0.168 –5.3 T4 $ 71\pm 2.8 $ –0.083 –5.21 T5 $ 72.6\pm 2 $ –0.129 –5.26 
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[1] Zhang W, Ma J, Sun D W 2021 Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 61 2623
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang D, Pu H, Huang L, Sun D W 2021 Trends Food Sci. Technol. 109 690
Google Scholar
[3] Zanchi C, Giuliani L, Lucotti A, Pistaffa M, Trusso S, Neri F, Tommasini M, Ossi P M 2020 Appl. Surf. Sci. 507 145109
Google Scholar
[4] Premasiri W R, Lee J C, Sauer-Budge A, Theberge R, Costello C E, Ziegler L D 2016 Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408 4631
Google Scholar
[5] Perumal J, Wang Y, Attia A B E, Dinish U S, Olivo M 2021 Nanoscale 13 553
Google Scholar
[6] Wei H, Peng Z, Yang C, Tian Y, Sun L, Wang G, Liu M 2021 Nanomaterials 11 2026
Google Scholar
[7] Camden J P, Dieringer J A, Wang Y, Masiello D J, Marks L D, Schatz G C, Van Duyne R P 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 12616
Google Scholar
[8] Shafi M, Zhou M, Duan P, Liu W, Zhang W, Zha Z, Gao J, Wali S, Jiang S, Man B, Liu M 2022 Sensors and Actuators B: Chem. 356 131360
Google Scholar
[9] Wang G, Wei H, Tian Y, Wu M, Sun Q, Peng Z, Sun L, Liu M 2020 Opt. Express 28 18843
Google Scholar
[10] Ling X, Xie L, Fang Y, Xu H, Zhang H, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S, Zhang J, Liu Z 2010 Nano Lett. 10 553
Google Scholar
[11] Liu M, Shi Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ren J, Man B 2018 Appl. Spectrosc. 72 1613
Google Scholar
[12] Tian Y, Wei H, Xu Y, et al. 2020 Nanomaterials 10 1910
Google Scholar
[13] Ling X, Fang W, Lee Y H, Araujo P T, Zhang X, Rodriguez-Nieva J F, Lin Y, Zhang J, Kong J, Dresselhaus M S 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3033
Google Scholar
[14] Muehlethaler C, Considine C R, Menon V, Lin W C, Lee Y H, Lombardi J R 2016 ACS Photon. 3 1164
Google Scholar
[15] Li J, Xu X, Huang B, Lou Z, Li B 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 13 10047
Google Scholar
[16] Zheng Z, Cong S, Gong W, Xuan J, Li G, Lu W, Geng F, Zhao Z 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1993
Google Scholar
[17] Chen L, Xie Q, Wan L, Zhang W, Fu S, Zhang H, Ling X, Yuan J, Miao L, Shen C, Li X, Zhang W, Zhu B, Wang H-Q 2019 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2 5862
Google Scholar
[18] Mun J, Kang J, Zheng Y, Luo S, Wu Y, Gong H, Lai J C, Wu H C, Xue G, Tok J B H, Bao Z 2020 Adv. Electron. Mater. 6 2000251
Google Scholar
[19] Wang H, Levchenko S V, Schultz T, Koch N, Scheffler M, Rossi M 2019 Adv. Electron. Mater. 5 1800891
Google Scholar
[20] Venables J, Spiller G, Hanbucken M 1999 Rep. Prog. Phys. 47 399
Google Scholar
[21] Park J, Choudhary N, Smith J, Lee G, Kim M, Choi W 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 012104
Google Scholar
[22] McHale G, Aqil S, Shirtcliffe N J, Newton M I, Erbil H Y 2005 Langmuir 21 11053
Google Scholar
[23] Xiao K, Rondinone A J, Puretzky A A, Ivanov I N, Retterer S T, Geohegan D B 2009 Chem. Mater. 21 4275
Google Scholar
[24] Newaz A K M, Prasai D, Ziegler J I, Caudel D, Robinson S, Haglund Jr R F, Bolotin K I 2013 Solid State Commun. 155 49
Google Scholar
[25] Finkelstein G, Shtrikman H, Bar-Joseph I I 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 976
Google Scholar
[26] Tongay S, Suh J, Ataca C, Fan W, Luce A, Kang J S, Liu J, Ko C, Raghunathanan R, Zhou J, Ogletree F, Li J, Grossman J C, Wu J 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 2657
Google Scholar
[27] Ji P, Mao Z, Wang Z, Xue X, Zhang Y, Lv J, Shi X 2019 Nanomaterials 9 983
Google Scholar
[28] Wu H, Wang H, Li G 2017 Analyst 142 326
Google Scholar
[29] Jiang X, Sun X, Yin D, Li X, Yang M, Han X, Yang L, Zhao B 2017 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19 11212
Google Scholar
[30] Kuhrt R, Hantusch M, Buechner B, Knupfer M 2021 J. Phys. Chem. C 125 18961
Google Scholar
[31] Wang J, Ji Z, Yang G, Chuai X, Liu F, Zhou Z, Lu C, Wei W, Shi X, Niu J, Wang L, Wang H, Chen J, Lu N, Jiang C, Li L, Liu M 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1806244
Google Scholar
[32] Le O K, Chihaia V, Van On V, Son D N 2021 RSC Adv. 11 8033
Google Scholar
[33] Ji L F, Fan J X, Zhang S F, Ren A M 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 3784
Google Scholar
[34] Deneme I, Liman G, Can A, Demirel G, Usta H 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 6119
Google Scholar
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