Ultra-low noise microwave frequency generation based on optical frequency comb

Shao Xiao-Dong; Han Hai-Nian; Wei Zhi-Yi

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20201925

Abstract

Low noise microwave frequency has important applications in radar, long baseline interferometer and other fields. The phase noise of microwave signal generated by optical frequency comb is lower than –100 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz frequency offset and –170 dBc/ Hz at high frequencies (> 100 kHz), which is the lowest in the noise produced by all existing microwave frequency generation technologies. This paper introduces the basic principle of optical frequency comb generating microwave frequency, analyzes and summarizes various kinds of noise of microwave frequency signals and noise suppressing technologies. Then the low noise measuring methods are introduced, and several typical experimental devices generating microwave frequency and the obtained results are described. With the continuous improvement of optical frequency comb and noise suppression technology, microwave frequency source with very low noise will have wider application prospects and application fields.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Han Hai-Nian, hnhan@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDA1502040404, XDB21010400)

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References

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[40]	Li Z, Fu Y, Piels M, Pan H, Beling A, Bowers J E, Campbell J C 2011 Opt. Express 19 385 Google Scholar
[41]	Quinlan F, Fortier T M, Jiang H, Hati A, Nelson C, Fu Y, Campbell J C, Diddams S A 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 290 Google Scholar
[42]	Endo M, Shoji T D, Schibli T R 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24 1102413 Google Scholar
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[50]	Hati A, Nelson C W, Howe D A 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 0347088
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[57]	Fluhr C, Grop S, Dubois B, Kersale Y, Rubiola E, Giordano V 2016 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 915 Google Scholar
[58]	Weyers S, Gerginov V, Kazda M, Rahm J, Lipphardt B, Dobrev G, Gibble K 2018 Metrologia 55 789 Google Scholar
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[60]	Nakamura T, Davila-Rodriguez J, Leopardi H, Sherman J A, Fortier T M, Xie X J, Campbell J C, McGrew W F, Zhang X G, Hassan Y S, Nicolodi D, Beloy K, Ludlow A D, Diddams S A, Quinlan F 2020 Science 368 889 Google Scholar
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[63]	Wang W, Wang L, Zhang W 2020 Advanced Photonics 2 1
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[65]	Wolf P, Bize S, Clairon A, Luiten A N, Santarelli G, Tobar M E 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 060402 Google Scholar
[66]	Stanwix P L, Tobar M E, Wolf P, Susli M, Locke C R, Ivanov E N, Winterflood J, van Kann F 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 0404044
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[68]	Santarelli G, Audoin C, Makdissi A, Laurent P, Dick G J, Clairon A 1998 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 45 887 Google Scholar
[69]	Marin-Palomo P, Kemal J N, Karpov M, Kordts A, Pfeifle J, Pfeiffer M H P, Trocha P, Wolf S, Brasch V, Anderson M H, Rosenberger R, Vijayan K, Freude W, Kippenberg T J, Koos C 2017 Nature 546 274 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 光学频率梳的时域和频域模型

Figure 1. Time domain and frequency domain models of optical frequency comb.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 光学频率梳的锁定方式　(a)锁定到微波频率参考; (b)锁定到光学频率参考

Figure 2. Locking motheds of optical frequency comb: (a) Lock to microwave frequency reference; (b) lock to optical frequency reference.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 微波频率产生原理示意图

Figure 3. Schematic of microwave frequency generation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)掺铒光梳分频产生的10 GHz微波信号的相位噪声; (b)${f_{{\rm{ceo}}}}$锁定的剩余噪声; (c)${f_{\rm{b}}}$锁定的剩余噪声; (d) RIN经由光电探测器转换为的相位噪声^[24]

Figure 4. (a) Phase noise of 10 GHz microwave signal generated by erbium-doped optical comb; (b)${f_{{\rm{ceo}}}}$ residual noise; (c) ${f_{\rm{b}}}$ residual noise; (d) phase noise converted by RIN via photodetector^[24]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 频域中的散粒噪声产生原理^[41]

Figure 5. Schematic of shot noise generation in frequency domain^[41].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 MZI光纤脉冲重复频率倍频装置示意图^[23]

Figure 6. An illustration of the cascaded MZI scheme used to achieve a pulse rate multiplication^[23].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 双通道互相关测量技术原理图^[52]

Figure 7. Basics of the cross-spectrum method^[52].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 两种互相关测量装置

Figure 8. Two types of cross correlation measuring devices.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 10 GHz范围低噪声微波源研究进展

Figure 9. Research progress of low noise microwave sourcesin 10 GHz range.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 10 GHz低噪声微波的实验装置示意图^[21]

Figure 10. Schematic of the experimental set-up used for generation and characterization of the 10 GHz low-noise microwaves^[21].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 混合微波振荡器的实验装置和测量结果^[25]

Figure 11. Generation and phase noise of 10 GHz signals from hybrid oscillators^[25].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 低噪声微波频率产生系统实验装置图^[44]

Figure 12. Experimental set-up for low-noise microwave generation and characterization^[44].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 光学原子钟分频产生微波频率^[60]

Figure 13. Coherent optical clock down-conversion^[60].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 微腔光梳产生微波频率原理示意图^[55]

Figure 14. Principle of operation of the Kerr comb-based transfer oscillator^[55].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Jones D J, Diddams S A, Ranka J K, Stentz A, Windeler R S, Hall J L, Cundiff S T 2000 Science 288 635 Google Scholar
[2]	Hansch T W 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 1297 Google Scholar
[3]	Hall J L 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 1279 Google Scholar
[4]	Murphy M T, Udem T, Holzwarth R, Sizmann A, Pasquini L, Araujo-Hauck C, Dekker H, D'Odorico S, Fischer M, Hansch T W, Manescau A 2007 Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 380 839 Google Scholar
[5]	Schiller S 2002 Opt. Lett. 27 766 Google Scholar
[6]	Hyun S, Kim Y J, Kim Y, Kim S W 2010 CIRP Ann-Manuf. Technol. 59 555 Google Scholar
[7]	Baltuska A, Udem T, Uiberacker M, Hentschel M, Goulielmakis E, Gohle C, Holzwarth R, Yakovlev V S, Scrinzi A, Hansch T W, Krausz F 2003 Nature 421 611 Google Scholar
[8]	Udem T, Holzwarth R, Hansch T W 2002 Nature 416 233 Google Scholar
[9]	Giorgetta F R, Swann W C, Sinclair L C, Baumann E, Coddington I, Newbury N R 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 435
[10]	Scheer J A, IEEE 1990 Coherent Radar System Performance Estimation (New York: IEEE) pp125−128
[11]	Santarelli C, Laurent P, Lemonde P, Clairon A, Mann A G, Chang S, Luiten A N, Salomon C 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4619 Google Scholar
[12]	Kim J, Cox J A, Chen J, Kaertner F X 2008 Nat. Photonics 2 733 Google Scholar
[13]	Savchenkov A A, Rubiola E, Matsko A B, Ilchenko V S, Maleki L 2008 Opt. Express 16 4130 Google Scholar
[14]	Yao Y, Chen X F, Dai Y T, Xie S Z 2006 IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18 187 Google Scholar
[15]	Bartels A, Diddams S A, Oates C W, Wilpers G, Bergquist J C, Oskay W H, Hollberg L 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 667 Google Scholar
[16]	Ivanov E N, McFerran J J, Diddams S A, Hollberg L 2007 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54 736 Google Scholar
[17]	Millo J, Boudot R, Lours M, Bourgeois P Y, Luiten A N, Le Coq Y, Kersale Y, Santarelli G 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 3707 Google Scholar
[18]	Millo J, Abgrall M, Lours M, English E M L, Jiang H, Guena J, Clairon A, Tobar M E, Bize S, Le Coq Y, Santarelli G 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 1411053
[19]	Diddams S A, Kirchner M, Fortier T, Braje D, Weiner A M, Hollberg L 2009 Opt. Express 17 3331 Google Scholar
[20]	Zhang W, Xu Z, Lours M, Boudot R, Kersale Y, Santarelli G, Le Coq Y 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 2111053
[21]	Fortier T M, Kirchner M S, Quinlan F, Taylor J, Bergquist J C, Rosenband T, Lemke N, Ludlow A, Jiang Y, Oates C W, Diddams S A 2011 Nat. Photonics 5 425 Google Scholar
[22]	Swann W C, Baumann E, Giorgetta F R, Newbury N R 2011 Opt. Express 19 24387 Google Scholar
[23]	Haboucha A, Zhang W, Li T, Lours M, Luiten A N, Le Coq Y, Santarelli G 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 3654 Google Scholar
[24]	Quinlan F, Fortier T M, Kirchner M S, Taylor J A, Thorpe M J, Lemke N, Ludlow A D, Jiang Y Y, Diddams S A 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 3260 Google Scholar
[25]	Fortier T M, Nelson C W, Hati A, Quinlan F, Taylor J, Jiang H, Chou C W, Rosenband T, Lemke N, Ludlow A, Howe D, Oates C W, Diddams S A 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 2311113
[26]	Jung K, Kim J 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 2958 Google Scholar
[27]	Meyer S A, Fortier T M, Lecomte S, Diddams S A 2013 Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. 112 565 Google Scholar
[28]	Jung K, Shin J, Kim J 2013 IEEE Photonics J. 5 55009066 Google Scholar
[29]	Fortier T M, Quinlan F, Hati A, Nelson C, Taylor J A, Fu Y, Campbell J, Diddams S A 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 1712 Google Scholar
[30]	Didier A, Millo J, Grop S, Dubois B, Bigler E, Rubiola E, Lacroute C, Kersale Y 2015 Appl. Optics 54 3682 Google Scholar
[31]	Ludlow A D, Huang X, Notcutt M, Zanon-Willette T, Foreman S M, Boyd M M, Blatt S, Ye J 2007 Opt. Lett. 32 641 Google Scholar
[32]	Millo J, Magalhaes D V, Mandache C, Le Coq Y, English E M L, Westergaard P G, Lodewyck J, Bize S, Lemonde P, Santarelli G 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 053829 Google Scholar
[33]	Jiang Y Y, Ludlow A D, Lemke N D, Fox R W, Sherman J A, Ma L S, Oates C W 2011 Nat. Photonics 515 8
[34]	Newbury N R, Washburn B R 2005 IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 41 1388 Google Scholar
[35]	Wang H-B, Han H-N, Zhang Z-Y, Shao X-D, Zhu J-F, Wei Z-Y 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 030601 Google Scholar
[36]	Pang L H, Han H N, Zhao Z B, Liu W J, Wei Z Y 2016 Opt. Express 24 28994
[37]	Yao Y, Jiang Y, Yu H, Bi Z, Ma L 2016 Natl. Sci. Rev. 3 463 Google Scholar
[38]	Oelker E, Hutson R B, Kennedy C J, Sonderhouse L, Bothwell T, Goban A, Kedar D, Sanner C, Robinson J M, Marti G E, Matei D G, Legero T, Giunta M, Holzwarth R, Riehle F, Sterr U, Ye J 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 714 Google Scholar
[39]	Hudson D D, Holman K W, Jones R J, Cundiff S T, Ye J, Jones D J 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 2948 Google Scholar
[40]	Li Z, Fu Y, Piels M, Pan H, Beling A, Bowers J E, Campbell J C 2011 Opt. Express 19 385 Google Scholar
[41]	Quinlan F, Fortier T M, Jiang H, Hati A, Nelson C, Fu Y, Campbell J C, Diddams S A 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 290 Google Scholar
[42]	Endo M, Shoji T D, Schibli T R 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 24 1102413 Google Scholar
[43]	韩海年, 魏志义 2016 物理 45 449 Google Scholar Han H N, Wei Z Y 2016 Physics 45 449 Google Scholar
[44]	Xie X P, Bouchand R, Nicolodi D, Giunta M, Hansel W, Lezius M, Joshi A, Datta S, Alexandre C, Lours M, Tremblin P A, Santarelli G, Holzwarth R, Le Coq Y 2017 Nature Photonics 11 44 Google Scholar
[45]	Lee D, Nakamura T, Campbell J C, Diddams S A, Quinlan F Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Washington, DC, 2020/05/10 pSF1 G.7
[46]	Jiang H F, Taylor J, Quinlan F, Fortier T, Diddams S A 2011 IEEE Photonics J. 3 1004 Google Scholar
[47]	Quinlan F, Baynes F N, Fortier T M, Zhou Q G, Cross A, Campbell J C, Diddams S A 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 1581 Google Scholar
[48]	Walls W F, IEEE 1992 Cross-Correlation Phase Noise Measurements (New York: IEEE) pp257−261
[49]	Rubiola E, Giordano V 2000 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71 Pii [s0034-6748(00)01708-1] 3085
[50]	Hati A, Nelson C W, Howe D A 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 0347088
[51]	Ivanov E N, Tobar M E, Woode R A 1998 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 45 1526 Google Scholar
[52]	Rubiola E, Vernotte F 2010 Physics
[53]	Diddams S A, Bartels A, Ramond T M, Oates C W, Bize S, Curtis E A, Bergquist J C, Hollberg L 2003 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 9 1072 Google Scholar
[54]	McFerran J J, Ivanov E N, Bartels A, Wilpers G, Oates C W, Diddams S A, Hollberg L 2005 Electronics Lett. 41 650 Google Scholar
[55]	Lucas E, Brochard P, Bouchand R, Schilt S, Sudmeyer T, Kippenberg T J 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 3748 Google Scholar
[56]	Ivanov E N, Tobar M E 2009 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 56 263 Google Scholar
[57]	Fluhr C, Grop S, Dubois B, Kersale Y, Rubiola E, Giordano V 2016 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 915 Google Scholar
[58]	Weyers S, Gerginov V, Kazda M, Rahm J, Lipphardt B, Dobrev G, Gibble K 2018 Metrologia 55 789 Google Scholar
[59]	Gill P 2011 Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 369 4109
[60]	Nakamura T, Davila-Rodriguez J, Leopardi H, Sherman J A, Fortier T M, Xie X J, Campbell J C, McGrew W F, Zhang X G, Hassan Y S, Nicolodi D, Beloy K, Ludlow A D, Diddams S A, Quinlan F 2020 Science 368 889 Google Scholar
[61]	Gaeta A L, Lipson M, Kippenberg T J 2019 Nat. Photonics 13 158 Google Scholar
[62]	Kovach A, Chen D Y, He J H, Choi H, Dogan A H, Ghasemkhani M, Taheri H, Armani A M 2020 Adv. Opt. Photonics 12 135 Google Scholar
[63]	Wang W, Wang L, Zhang W 2020 Advanced Photonics 2 1
[64]	Nand N R, Hartnett J G, Ivanov E N, Santarelli G 2011 IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Techn. 59 2978 Google Scholar
[65]	Wolf P, Bize S, Clairon A, Luiten A N, Santarelli G, Tobar M E 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 060402 Google Scholar
[66]	Stanwix P L, Tobar M E, Wolf P, Susli M, Locke C R, Ivanov E N, Winterflood J, van Kann F 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 0404044
[67]	Rioja M, Dodson R, Asaki Y, Hartnett J, Tingay S 2012 Astron. J. 144 121 Google Scholar
[68]	Santarelli G, Audoin C, Makdissi A, Laurent P, Dick G J, Clairon A 1998 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 45 887 Google Scholar
[69]	Marin-Palomo P, Kemal J N, Karpov M, Kordts A, Pfeifle J, Pfeiffer M H P, Trocha P, Wolf S, Brasch V, Anderson M H, Rosenberger R, Vijayan K, Freude W, Kippenberg T J, Koos C 2017 Nature 546 274 Google Scholar
[70]	Jiang Z, Huang C B, Leaird D E, Weiner A M 2007 Nat. Photonics 1 463 Google Scholar
[71]	Deakin C, Liu Z X 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 173 Google Scholar

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Vol. 70, Issue 13 - 2021-07-05

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