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Optical frequency combs (OFCs) each consist of a set of equally spaced discrete frequency components, and they have been widely applied to many fields such as metrology, optical arbitrary waveform generation, spectroscopy, optical communication, and THz generation. In this work, we propose a scheme for generating broadband and tunable OFCs based on a 1550 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) under pulsed current modulation and optical injection. Firstly, a pulsed electrical signal is utilized to drive a 1550 nm-VCSEL into the gain-switching state with a broad noisy spectrum. Next, a continuous optical wave is further introduced for generating broadband and tunable OFC. Under injection light with power of 18.82 µW and wavelength of 1551.8570 nm, and pulsed electrical signal with a frequency of 0.5 GHz and pulse width of 200 ps, an OFC with a bandwidth of 82.5 GHz and CNR of 35 dB is experimentally acquired, and the single sideband phase noise at the 0.5 GHz reaches –123.3 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz. Moreover, the influences of injection light wavelength, frequency and width of pulse electrical signal on the performance of generated OFC are investigated. The experimental results show that OFCs with different comb spacings can be obtained by varying the frequency of pulsed electrical signal. For the frequency of pulsed current signal varying in a range of 0.25 GHz–3 GHz, the bandwidth of generated OFCs can exceed 60 GHz through selecting optimized injection optical wavelength and width of pulse electrical signal.
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Keywords:
- optical frequency comb (OFC) /
- vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) /
- current modulation /
- optical injection
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Google Scholar
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[4] Cundiff S T, Weiner A M, Andrew M 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 760
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[5] Li P L, Ma X L, Shi W H, Xu E M 2017 Opt. Laser Technol. 94 228
Google Scholar
[6] Cingöz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hartl I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68
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[7] Sadiek I, Mikkonen T, Vainio M, Toivonen J, Foltynowicz A 2018 Phys. Chem. 20 27849
Google Scholar
[8] He J, Long F T, Deng R, Shi J, Dai M, Chen L 2017 J. Opt. Commun. 9 393
Google Scholar
[9] Tan J, Zhao Z P, Wang Y H, Zhang Z K, Liu J G, Zhu N H 2018 Opt. Express 26 2099
Google Scholar
[10] Ponnampalam L, Fice M, Shams H, Renaud C, Seeds A 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 2507
Google Scholar
[11] Yu J G, Li K L, Chen Y X, Zhao L, Huang Y T, Li Y T, Ma J, Shan F L 2020 IEEE Photonics J. 12 7900808
Google Scholar
[12] Davila-Rodriguez J, Bagnell K, Delfyett P J 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3665
Google Scholar
[13] Hou L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Zhang R, Wang J, Wang B, Zhu H, Hou B, Qiu B, Marsh J H 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 2760
Google Scholar
[14] He C, Pan S, Guo R, Zhao Y, Pan M 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 3834
Google Scholar
[15] Li D, Wu S B, Liu Y, Guo Y F 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 1916
Google Scholar
[16] Qu K, Zhao S H, Li X, Tan Q G, Zhu Z H 2018 Opt. Rev. 25 264
Google Scholar
[17] Wang Z F, Ma M, Sun H, Khalil M, Adams R, Yim K, Jin X, Chen L R 2019 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55 8400206
Google Scholar
[18] Pascual M D G, Zhou R, Smyth F, Anandarajah P M, Barry L P 2015 Opt. Express 23 23225
Google Scholar
[19] Zhu H T, Wang R, Pu T, Xiang P, Zheng J L, Fang T 2016 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 026201
Google Scholar
[20] 郭星星, 项水英, 张雅慧, 郝跃 2021 光子学报 50 1020002
Google Scholar
Guo X X, Xiang S Y, Zhang Y H, Hao Y 2021 Acta Photon. Sin. 50 1020002
Google Scholar
[21] 钟东洲, 曾能, 杨华, 徐喆 2021 70 074206
Google Scholar
Zhong D Z, Zeng N, Yang H, Xu Z 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 074206
Google Scholar
[22] 王小发 2013 62 104208
Google Scholar
Wang X F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 104208
Google Scholar
[23] 陈建军, 钟祝强, 李林福 2022 光学学报 42 0714003
Google Scholar
Chen J J, Zhong Z Q, Li L F 2022 Acta Opt. Sin. 42 0714003
Google Scholar
[24] Xie C, Spiga S, Dong P, Winzer P, Bergmann M, KöGel B, Neumeyr C, Amann M C 2015 J. Lightwave Technol. 33 670
Google Scholar
[25] Wang Z, Lee H C, Ahsen O O, Lee B K, Choi W J, Potsaid B, Liu J, Jayaraman V, Cable A, Kraus M F 2014 Biomed. Opt. Express 5 2931
Google Scholar
[26] Prior E, De Dios C, Ortsiefer M, Meissner P, Acedo P 2015 J. Lightwave Technol. 33 4572
Google Scholar
[27] Prior E, De Dios C, Criado R, Ortsiefer M, Meissner P, Acedo P 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 4083
Google Scholar
[28] Quirce A, De Dios C, Valle A, Pesquera L, Acedo P 2018 J. Lightwave Technol. 36 1798
Google Scholar
[29] Quirce A, De Dios C, Valle A, Acedo P 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 25 2888560
Google Scholar
[30] Ren H P, Fan L, Liu N, Wu Z M, Xia G Q 2020 Photonics 7 95
Google Scholar
[31] Rosado A, Martin E P, Perez-Serrano A, Tijero J, Anandarajah P M 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 131 106392
Google Scholar
[32] Rosado A, Pérez-Serrano A, Tijero J M G, Valle Á, Pesquera L, Esquivias I 2019 Opt. Express 27 9155
Google Scholar
[33] Rosado A, Pérez-Serrano A, Tijero J M G, Gutierrez A V, Pesquera L, Esquivias I 2019 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55 2001012
Google Scholar
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图 1 实验系统结构图. TL－可调谐激光器; VA－可变衰减器; PC－偏振控制器; FC－光纤耦合器; PM－光功率计; OC－光环形器; AWG－任意波形发生器; EA－电放大器; DC－直流电源; VCSEL－垂直腔面发射激光器; OFP－光纤起偏器; EDFA－掺铒光纤放大器; PD－光电探测器; ESA－频谱分析仪; DSO－数字实时示波器; OSA－光谱分析仪. 实线-光路; 虚线-电路
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental system: TL－tunable laser; VA－variable attenuator; PC－polarization controller; FC－fiber coupler; PM－power meter; OC－optical circulator; AWG－arbitrary waveform generator; EA－electric amplifier; DC－direct current; VCSEL－vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser; OFP－optical fiber polarizer; EDFA－erbium-doped fiber amplifier; PD－photo-detector; ESA－spectrum analyzer; DSO－digital storage oscilloscope; OSA－optical spectrum analyzer. Solid line－optical path; dashed line－electronic path.
图 2 (a)自由运行1550 nm-VCSEL输出的偏振分解P-I曲线; (b)Ibias = 6.4 mA时的光谱; (c) Ibias = 6.8 mA时的光谱
Figure 2. (a) Polarization-resolved P-I curve; (b) optical spectrum of the free-running 1550 nm-VCSEL biased at 6.4 mA; (c) optical spectrum of the free-running 1550 nm-VCSEL biased at 6.8 mA.
图 3 AWG产生的脉冲调制信号在不同时间窗口的波形 (a1)—(a2), 脉冲电流调制下的VCSEL输出的时间序列 (b1) 和光谱 (b2), 以及进一步引入光注入 (λi = 1551.8570 nm, Pi = 18.82 µW) 后VCSEL输出的时间序列(c1)和光谱(c2)
Figure 3. Pulsed waveforms in different time windows generated by AWG (a1)–(a2), time series (b1) and optical spectrum (b2) of pulsed current-modulated VCSEL, time series (c1) and optical spectrum (c2) of pulsed current-modulated VCSEL under optical injection with Pi = 18.82 µW and λi = 1551.8570.
图 4 Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, fm = 0.5 GHz, τelec = 200 ps时, 随着λi增大, 光注入下脉冲电流调制VCSEL输出OFC带宽 (a) 和CNR (b) 的变化趋势.
Figure 4. Evolution of the bandwidth (a) and CNR (b) as a function of the injection light wavelength for the pulsed current modulation VCSEL at Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, fm = 0.5 GHz, τelec = 200 ps.
图 5 中心频率为0.5 GHz电信号的功率谱 (a) 和单边带相位噪声 (b), 其中ESA的分辨率为1 Hz
Figure 5. Power spectrum (a) and SSB phase noise (b) centered at 0.5 GHz under a resolution bandwidth of 1 Hz.
图 6 当Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, τelec = 125 ps时, 光注入脉冲电流调制VCSEL在不同fm下输出的光谱
Figure 6. Output from the VCSEL under optical injection and pulse current modulation with Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, τelec = 125 ps and different fm.
图 7 当Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, τelec = 125 ps时, 光注入脉冲电流调制VCSEL随着fm的增大, 输出OFC带宽(a)和CNR (b)的变化趋势.
Figure 7. Evolution of the bandwidth (a) and CNR (b) as a function of the pulsed modulation frequency at Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, τelec = 125 ps.
图 8 当Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, fm = 0.5 GHz时, 光注入脉冲电流调制VCSEL随着τelec的增大, 输出OFC带宽(a)和CNR (b)的变化趋势.
Figure 8. Evolution of the bandwidth (a) and CNR (b) as a function of the pulse width at Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V, fm = 0.5 GHz
图 9 当Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V时, 光注入脉冲电流调制VCSEL在不同fm下, 选择优化的τelec时输出的光谱
Figure 9. Output from the VCSEL under optical injection and pulse current modulation with optimized τelec and Pi = 18.82 µW, Vm = 10.5 V at different fm.
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[1] Parriaux A, Hammani K, Millot G 2020 Adv. Opt. Photonics 12 223
Google Scholar
[2] Diddams S, Vahala K, Udem T 2020 Science 369 267
Google Scholar
[3] Yan X L, Zou X H, Pan W, Yan L S, Azaña J 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 283
Google Scholar
[4] Cundiff S T, Weiner A M, Andrew M 2010 Nat. Photon. 4 760
Google Scholar
[5] Li P L, Ma X L, Shi W H, Xu E M 2017 Opt. Laser Technol. 94 228
Google Scholar
[6] Cingöz A, Yost D C, Allison T K, Ruehl A, Fermann M E, Hartl I, Ye J 2012 Nature 482 68
Google Scholar
[7] Sadiek I, Mikkonen T, Vainio M, Toivonen J, Foltynowicz A 2018 Phys. Chem. 20 27849
Google Scholar
[8] He J, Long F T, Deng R, Shi J, Dai M, Chen L 2017 J. Opt. Commun. 9 393
Google Scholar
[9] Tan J, Zhao Z P, Wang Y H, Zhang Z K, Liu J G, Zhu N H 2018 Opt. Express 26 2099
Google Scholar
[10] Ponnampalam L, Fice M, Shams H, Renaud C, Seeds A 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 2507
Google Scholar
[11] Yu J G, Li K L, Chen Y X, Zhao L, Huang Y T, Li Y T, Ma J, Shan F L 2020 IEEE Photonics J. 12 7900808
Google Scholar
[12] Davila-Rodriguez J, Bagnell K, Delfyett P J 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 3665
Google Scholar
[13] Hou L, Huang Y, Liu Y, Zhang R, Wang J, Wang B, Zhu H, Hou B, Qiu B, Marsh J H 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 2760
Google Scholar
[14] He C, Pan S, Guo R, Zhao Y, Pan M 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 3834
Google Scholar
[15] Li D, Wu S B, Liu Y, Guo Y F 2020 Appl. Opt. 59 1916
Google Scholar
[16] Qu K, Zhao S H, Li X, Tan Q G, Zhu Z H 2018 Opt. Rev. 25 264
Google Scholar
[17] Wang Z F, Ma M, Sun H, Khalil M, Adams R, Yim K, Jin X, Chen L R 2019 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55 8400206
Google Scholar
[18] Pascual M D G, Zhou R, Smyth F, Anandarajah P M, Barry L P 2015 Opt. Express 23 23225
Google Scholar
[19] Zhu H T, Wang R, Pu T, Xiang P, Zheng J L, Fang T 2016 Laser Phys. Lett. 14 026201
Google Scholar
[20] 郭星星, 项水英, 张雅慧, 郝跃 2021 光子学报 50 1020002
Google Scholar
Guo X X, Xiang S Y, Zhang Y H, Hao Y 2021 Acta Photon. Sin. 50 1020002
Google Scholar
[21] 钟东洲, 曾能, 杨华, 徐喆 2021 70 074206
Google Scholar
Zhong D Z, Zeng N, Yang H, Xu Z 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 074206
Google Scholar
[22] 王小发 2013 62 104208
Google Scholar
Wang X F 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 104208
Google Scholar
[23] 陈建军, 钟祝强, 李林福 2022 光学学报 42 0714003
Google Scholar
Chen J J, Zhong Z Q, Li L F 2022 Acta Opt. Sin. 42 0714003
Google Scholar
[24] Xie C, Spiga S, Dong P, Winzer P, Bergmann M, KöGel B, Neumeyr C, Amann M C 2015 J. Lightwave Technol. 33 670
Google Scholar
[25] Wang Z, Lee H C, Ahsen O O, Lee B K, Choi W J, Potsaid B, Liu J, Jayaraman V, Cable A, Kraus M F 2014 Biomed. Opt. Express 5 2931
Google Scholar
[26] Prior E, De Dios C, Ortsiefer M, Meissner P, Acedo P 2015 J. Lightwave Technol. 33 4572
Google Scholar
[27] Prior E, De Dios C, Criado R, Ortsiefer M, Meissner P, Acedo P 2016 Opt. Lett. 41 4083
Google Scholar
[28] Quirce A, De Dios C, Valle A, Pesquera L, Acedo P 2018 J. Lightwave Technol. 36 1798
Google Scholar
[29] Quirce A, De Dios C, Valle A, Acedo P 2018 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 25 2888560
Google Scholar
[30] Ren H P, Fan L, Liu N, Wu Z M, Xia G Q 2020 Photonics 7 95
Google Scholar
[31] Rosado A, Martin E P, Perez-Serrano A, Tijero J, Anandarajah P M 2020 Opt. Laser Technol. 131 106392
Google Scholar
[32] Rosado A, Pérez-Serrano A, Tijero J M G, Valle Á, Pesquera L, Esquivias I 2019 Opt. Express 27 9155
Google Scholar
[33] Rosado A, Pérez-Serrano A, Tijero J M G, Gutierrez A V, Pesquera L, Esquivias I 2019 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 55 2001012
Google Scholar
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