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Cryogenic target is one of the key components of inertial confinement fusion. The removal degree and efficiency of impurity gas in cryogenic target are of great significance to the on-line preparation of ice layer for cryogenic target fuel. According to the design requirements of cryogenic target physics for impurity content in ice layer, the influence factors of upper limit of partial pressure are analyzed, based on the derivation of the calculation formula of maximum allowable partial pressure of impurity gas in the target. Then the flow field of air and hydrogen in microchannels is investigated, and the filling and evacuation model of gas flow in a microscaled filling tube is established. The dynamic simulations of microtubules with different lengths and diameters are carried out. The results show that the microtubules with a length of 5 mm could save 80% of the time compared with the microtubules of 50 mm in length when the microtubule is 5 μm in diameter. At the same time, the total flow washing time decreases by 46% when the diameter of 2 μm is doubled under the condition of 20-mm-long microtubule. Considering the requirements for efficiency and fusion stability, four kinds of tubes are proposed and simulated. The results indicate that the conical transition tube has a strong flow capacity and high flow evacuation efficiency, and is suitable for use as a filling microtubule. On the basis of the best tube shape, the comparison between the two processes under different intermediate pressures is carried out with the time and number of filling and evacuating serving as evaluation criterion. Ultimately, the intermediate pressure of 52000 Pa is selected, the total number of evacuation is 10 and the time is 758 s. Finally, the effect of temperature on the evacuation efficiency is studied in a temperature range of 113 K－293 K in steps of 60 K. The results show that the total time of filling and evacuation will be reduced by 15% on the basis of normal temperature when the temperature is reduced by 60 K, which proves the feasibility of evacuation at low temperature in practical operation.
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Keywords:
- cryogenic target /
- microchannel flow /
- filling and evacuating /
- numerical simulation
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Google Scholar
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图 1 低温靶靶丸简图
Figure 1. Schematic of cryogenic target capsule.
图 2 靶内温度对杂质气体压力上限的影响
Figure 2. Influence of temperature in target on upper limit of impurity gas pressure.
图 3 气体流域的转换 (a) 空气流域的转换; (b) 氢气流域的转换
Figure 3. Conversion chart of gas flow field: (a) Conversion chart of air flow field; (b) conversion chart of hydrogen flow field.
图 4 低温靶抽空流洗的流程图
Figure 4. Flow chart of target filling and evacuating.
图 5 靶丸抽空流洗物理模型
Figure 5. The physical model of target filling and evacuating.
图 6 模拟结果与计算模型的偏差
Figure 6. Deviation between simulation and formula.
图 7 低温靶内气压与杂质气体分压(残余压力)变化
Figure 7. Variation of total pressure and residual pressure in cryogenic target capsule.
图 8 不同微管长度下残余气压的变化
Figure 8. Variation of residual pressure at different capillary length.
图 9 不同微管长度下单次抽空流洗时间的变化
Figure 9. Variation of single filling and evacuating time at different capillary length.
图 10 不同微管直径下残余气压的变化
Figure 10. Variation of residual pressure at different capillary diameter.
图 11 不同微管直径下单次抽空流洗时间的变化
Figure 11. Variation of single filling and evacuating at different capillary diameter.
图 12 毛细管管型简图
Figure 12. Schematic of capillary form.
图 13 不同微管型式时靶内残余气压的变化
Figure 13. Variation of residual pressure at different tube type.
图 14 最佳流洗中间压力优化
Figure 14. Optimization of the optimal intermediate pressure of washing.
图 15 温度对流洗时间的影响
Figure 15. Influence of temperature on total filling and evacuating time.
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[1] Fanchi J R, Fanchi C J 2016 Energy in the 21st Century (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc.) pp1−23
[2] Knapp V, Pevec D 2018 Energy Policy 120 94
Google Scholar
[3] Ongena J, Ogawa Y 2016 Energy Policy 96 770
Google Scholar
[4] Smalyuk V A, Weber C R, Landen O L, et al. 2019 Plasma Phys. Control Fusion 62 1
[5] Zheng W G, Wei X F, Zhu Q H, et al. 2017 Matter Radiat. at Extremes 2 243
Google Scholar
[6] Baton S D, Colaïtis A, Rousseaux C, et al. 2020 High Energy Density Phys. 36 1
[7] Harding D R, Ulreich J, Wittman M D, et al. 2018 Fusion Sci. Technol. 73 324
Google Scholar
[8] Yang H, Du K, Lei H L, et al. 2016 J. Fusion Energ. 35 673
Google Scholar
[9] Aleksandrova I V, Koresheva E R 2019 High Power Laser Sci. 7 1
Google Scholar
[10] Kozioziemski B J, Mapoles E R, Sater J D, Chernov J D, Moody J D 2011 Fusion Sci. Technol. 59 14
Google Scholar
[11] Parham T, Kozioziemski B, Atkinson D, et al. 2016 Fusion Sci. Technol. 69 407
Google Scholar
[12] Bhandarkar S, Parham T, Fair J 2011 Fusion Sci. Technol. 59 51
Google Scholar
[13] Harding D R, Wittman M D, Edgell D H 2013 Fusion Sci. Technol. 63 95
Google Scholar
[14] Dongari N, Agrawal A, Agrawal A 2007 Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 50 3411
Google Scholar
[15] Stevanovic N D 2007 J Micromech. Microeng. 17 1695
Google Scholar
[16] Das S K, Tahmouresi F 2016 Int. J. Adv. Math. and Mech. 3 1
[17] Kurkin E I, Samsonov V N, Shakhov V G 2017 Procedia. Eng. 185 160
Google Scholar
[18] Simlandi S 2018 Int. J. Eng. Sci. 06 155
Google Scholar
[19] Yovanovich M M, Khan W A 2016 Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 93 629
Google Scholar
[20] Rovenskaya O I 2016 Eur. J. Mech. B-Fluid 59 7
Google Scholar
[21] Taassob A, Kamali R, Bordbar A 2018 Vacuum 151 197
Google Scholar
[22] Ahangar E K, Ayani M B, Esfahani J A 2019 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 157-158 802
Google Scholar
[23] Ahangar E K, Ayani M B, Esfahani J A, Kim K C 2020 Vacuum 173 1
[24] Edwards M J 2016 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 688 1
Google Scholar
[25] Karniadakis G E, Beskok A 2002 Micro Flows: Fundamentals and Simulation (New York: Springer-Verlag) pp1−31
[26] Prud'Homme R K, Chapman T W, Bowen J R 1986 Appl. Sci. Res. 43 67
Google Scholar
[27] Tison S A 1993 Vacuum 44 1171
Google Scholar
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