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在惯性约束核聚变中, 决定点火成功与否的关键因素在于靶丸内燃料冰层的均匀性, 而影响靶丸内燃料冰层均匀性的主要因素为靶丸温度场均匀性. 为了提升靶丸温度场均匀性, 采用定向红外辅助均化装置实现对靶丸表面温度场的局部调控. 在定向红外装置的运行过程中, 红外光空间分布误差会影响到靶丸温度场的调控效果. 建立了定向红外光线追踪与温度场计算耦合的数值模型, 并与实验进行对照分析, 确定了数值模型良好的计算精度. 采用三维的冷冻靶物理模型, 研究了不同形式的定向红外光空间分布误差对靶丸温度场的影响规律. 结果表明: 光轴偏心对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响最为剧烈, 光带间距变化的影响次之, 光带宽度的变化对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响最小. 在实验中应当尽可能避免南北两侧光带光轴的偏心, 从而保证靶丸表面温度均匀性, 进而可以保证靶丸内燃料冰层的均匀性.For an inertial-confinement-fusion cryogenic target, the fusion ice layer inside the capsule should have a uniformity more than 99% and an inner surface roughness less than 1 μm (root mean square) to avoid Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. And this highly smooth ice layer required for ignition is generated in the presence of volumetric heat and affected by the thermal environment around the capsule. For the D2 fuel targets, the uniformity of the fusion ice layer inside the capsule is consistent with the uniformity of the surface temperature around the capsule, and the latter can be controlled by directional infrared illumination. A major challenge of directional infrared illumination is the precision of directional infrared spatial distribution. In this paper, a numerical model coupling the directional infrared tracking and temperature field calculation is proposed and validated by experimental results. A three-dimensional physical model of the cryogenic target is used to study the influences of different forms of directional infrared spatial distribution errors on the temperature uniformity of the capsule. The results show that the eccentricity of IR band axis has the worst effect on the temperature uniformity of the capsule, followed by the distance between both IR bands, and the width of the IR band has the least effect on the temperature uniformity of the capsule. Therefore, the eccentricity of IR band axis should be avoided in experiment to ensure the uniformity of the temperature of the capsule, further ensuring the uniformity of the fuel ice layer inside the capsule.
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Keywords:
- inertial confinement fusion /
- directional infrared illumination /
- spatial distribution error /
- numerical simulation.
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图 1 NIF Rev5 靶型结构尺寸 (a) NIF冷冻靶结构尺寸; (b) 靶丸结构尺寸
Fig. 1. Schematic of NIF Rev5 cryogenic target: (a) Structure of NIF cryogenic target; (b) structure of capsule.
图 4 真空红外笼加热实验装置示意图
Fig. 4. Sketch for an umbrella-shaped antenna and the IR heating surface.
图 7 不同光带功率密度q下靶丸表面温度云图 (a) q = 0 W·m–2; (b) q = 0.8 W·m–2; (c) q = 1.1 W·m–2; (d) q = 1.4 W·m–2
Fig. 7. The temperature contours of the capsule under different q: (a) q = 0 W·m–2; (b) q = 0.8 W·m–2; (c) q = 1.1 W·m–2; (d) q = 1.4 W·m–2.
图 8 不同光带功率密度下靶丸表面温度特性
Fig. 8. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under a series of q.
图 9 不同光带宽度下靶丸表面温度云图 (a) d = 0.20 mm; (b) d = 0.25 mm; (c) d = 0.30 mm; (d) d = 0.35 mm; (e) d = 0.40 mm
Fig. 9. The temperature contours of the capsule under different d: (a) d = 0.20 mm; (b) d = 0.25 mm; (c) d = 0.30 mm; (d) d = 0.35 mm; (e) d = 0.40 mm.
图 10 不同光带宽度下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线
Fig. 10. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different d.
图 11 光带间距变化示意图 (a)单侧光带偏移; (b)两侧光带偏移
Fig. 11. Schematic of the deviation of the IR bands: (a) Single-side IR band drifts; (b) both-sides IR bands drift.
图 12 不同北侧光带偏移距离下的靶丸表面温度云图 (a) 0 mm; (b) 0.1 mm; (c) 0.2 mm; (d) 0.3 mm; (e) 0.4 mm; (f) 0.5 mm
Fig. 12. The temperature contours of the capsule at different offsets of the northern IR band: (a) 0 mm; (b) 0.1 mm; (c) 0.2 mm; (d) 0.3 mm; (e) 0.4 mm; (f) 0.5 mm.
图 13 不同北侧光带偏移距离下的靶丸表面温度特性曲线
Fig. 13. The temperature characteristics of the capsule at different offsets of the northern IR band.
图 14 不同光带间距下靶丸表面温度云图 (a) ΔH = 0; (b) ΔH = 0.2 mm; (c) ΔH = 0.4 mm; (d) ΔH = 0.6 mm; (e) ΔH = 0.8 mm; (f) ΔH = 1.0 mm
Fig. 14. The temperature contours of the capsule under different ΔH: (a) ΔH = 0; (b) ΔH = 0.2 mm; (c) ΔH = 0.4 mm; (d) ΔH = 0.6 mm; (e) ΔH = 0.8 mm; (f) ΔH = 1.0 mm.
图 15 不同光带间距下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线
Fig. 15. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different ΔH.
图 16 光轴偏移示意图 (a) 光轴同向偏移; (b) 光轴对向偏移
Fig. 16. Schematic of IR bands axes offset: (a) The axes of the IR bands shift in the same direction; (b) the axes of the IR bands shift in the opposite direction.
图 17 不同南北两侧光轴同向偏移量下靶丸表面温度云图 (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm 靶丸表面温度云图和柱腔赤道区域定向红外辐照热流云图
Fig. 17. The temperature contours of the capsule under different δ: (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, adding the radiation heat flux contour in the equatorial region of the hohlraum
图 18 不同南北两侧光轴同向偏移量下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线
Fig. 18. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different δ.
图 19 不同南北两侧光轴对向偏移量下靶丸表面温度云图 (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, 靶丸表面温度云图和柱腔赤道区域定向红外辐照热流云图
Fig. 19. The temperature contours of the capsule under different δ: (a) δ = 0; (b) δ = 0.05 mm; (c) δ = 0.10 mm; (d) δ = 0.15 mm; (e) δ = 0.20 mm; (f) δ = 0.25 mm; (g) δ = 0.25 mm, adding the radiation heat flux contour in the equatorial region of the hohlraum.
图 20 不同南北两侧光轴对向偏移量下靶丸表面温度特性变化曲线
Fig. 20. The temperature characteristics of the capsule under different δ.
图 21 不同定向红外空间分布误差形式对靶丸温度场均匀性的影响
Fig. 21. Influence of different forms of directional IR spatial distribution errors on the temperature uniformity of the capsule.
表 1 不同材料在18 K环境下的物性参数
Table 1. Physical properties of different materials at 18 K.
材料 铝 金 靶壳 He@1 kPa 气态D2 固态D2 密度 ρ/(kg·m–3) 2710 19320 1100 0.3 0.025 260 热容 cp/(J·kg–1·K–1) 8.37 14.66 57.49 5292.6 5193.7 5000 导热系数 λ/(W·m–1·K–1) 27 1173.44 0.057 0.021 0.024 0.29 动力黏度 μ/(10–6 kg·m–1·s–1) — — — 1.31 3.42 — 注: 本文不考虑气体对定向红外的影响, 因此氦气和氘气的吸收系数和散射系数均为0. 
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[1] 张歆, 章晓中, 谭新玉, 于奕, 万蔡华 2012 61 147303
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Zhang X Z, Tan X Y, Yu Y, Wan C H 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 147303
Google Scholar
[2] 杨旭东, 陈汉, 毕恩兵, 韩礼元 2015 64 038404
Google Scholar
Yang X D, Chen H, Bi E B, Han L Y 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038404
Google Scholar
[3] Horvath A, Rachlew E 2016 Ambio 45 38
Google Scholar
[4] Chen W M, Kim H, Yamaguchi H 2014 Energy Policy 74 31
Google Scholar
[5] 程云鹤, 董洪光, 耿纪超, 何继善 2021 中国工程科学 23 11
Google Scholar
Cheng Y H, Dong H G, Geng J C, He J S 2021 Strategic Study of CAE 23 11
Google Scholar
[6] Fang S D, Zhao C H, Ding Z H, Zhang S X, Liao R J 2021 Proc Chin Soc Elect Eng DOI:10.13334/j.0258-8013.pcsee.212121
[7] 张占文, 漆小波, 李波 2012 61 145204
Google Scholar
Zhang Z W, Qi X B, Li B 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 145204
Google Scholar
[8] 黄鑫, 彭述明, 周晓松, 余铭铭, 尹剑, 温成伟 2015 64 215201
Google Scholar
Huang X, Peng S M, Zhou X S, Yu M M, Yin J, Wen C W 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 215201
Google Scholar
[9] Nuckolls J, Wood L, Thiessen A 1972 Nature 239 139
Google Scholar
[10] Tang J, Xie Z Y, Du A, Ye J J, Zhang Z H, Shen J, Zhou B 2016 J. Fusion Energ. 35 357
Google Scholar
[11] Holmlid L 2014 J. Fusion Energ. 33 348
Google Scholar
[12] Lindl J D, Amendt P, Berger R L, Glendinning G, Glenzer S H, Haan S W, Kauffman R L, Landen O L, Suter L J 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 339
Google Scholar
[13] Baclet P, Bachelet F, Choux A, Fleury E, Jeannot L, Laffite S, Martin M, Moll G, Pascal G, Reneaume B, Theobald M 2006 Fusion Sci, Technol. 49 565
Google Scholar
[14] 王凯, 谢瑞, 林伟, 刘元琼, 黎军, 漆小波, 唐永建, 雷海乐 2013 强激光与粒子束 25 3230
Google Scholar
Wang K, Xie R, Lin W, Liu Y Q, Li J, Qi X B, Tang Y J, Lei H L 2013 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25 3230
Google Scholar
[15] Hurricane O A, Callahan D A, Casey D T, Celliers P M, Cerjan C, Dewald E L, Dittrich T R, Doppner T, Hinkel D E, Berzak H L F, Kline J L, Le P S, Ma T, Macphee A G, Milovich J L, Pak A, Park H S, Patel P K, Remington B A, Salmonson J D, Springer P T, Tommasini R 2014 Nature 506 343
Google Scholar
[16] Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2006 Fusion Sci. Technal. 49 574
Google Scholar
[17] Moll G, Baclet P, Martin M 2007 Fusion Sci. Technal. 51 737
Google Scholar
[18] Betti R, Hurricane O A 2016 Nature Physics 12 435
Google Scholar
[19] Bittner D N, Collins G W, Sater J D 2003 Fusion Sci Technol 44 749
Google Scholar
[20] Moody J D, Kozioziemski B J, Mapoles E R 2008 J. Phys. :Conf. Ser. 112 032064
Google Scholar
[21] Kozioziemski B J, London R A, McEachern R L, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 262
Google Scholar
[22] London R A, McEachern R L, Kozioziemski B J, Bittner D N 2017 Fusion Sci. Technal. 45 245
Google Scholar
[23] Cook R C, Anthamatten M, Letts S A 2004 Fusion Science and Technology 45 148
Google Scholar
[24] 郭富城, 李翠, 厉彦忠 2021 70 160703
Google Scholar
Guo F C, Li C, Li Y Z 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 160703
Google Scholar
[25] Haan S W, Lindl D J, Callahan D A, Clark D S, Salmonson J D, Hammel B A, Atherton L J, Cook R C, Edwards M J, Glenzer S, Hamza A V 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 051001
Google Scholar
[26] 林博颖, 苏新明, 简亚彬 2018 航天器环境工程 35 5
Google Scholar
Lin B Y, Su X M, Jian Y B 2018 Spacecraft Environment Engineering 35 5
Google Scholar
[27] Li C, Chen P W, Zhao J 2018 Fusion Engineering & Design 127 23
Google Scholar
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