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Growth of lithium dendrites in solid state batteries is an important factor that disturbs their commercial applications. The growth of lithium dendrites at the interface of lithium metal anode will not only lead to the decrease of battery energy efficiency, but also cause combustion, explosion and other safety problems. In order to explore the factors and methods that inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, the phase-field theory is used to simulate the growth of lithium dendrites in polymer solid electrolyte batteries, and a phase-field model of lithium dendrite growth coupled with mechanical stress and thermal field is established. The effects of key physical factors such as ambient temperature, solid electrolyte Young’s modulus and external stress on dendrite growth and their acting principles are discussed and analyzed. The results show that under the conditions of high temperature, high solid electrolyte Young’s modulus and external stress, the growth of lithium dendrites is slow, the number of long dendrites is small, and the electrodeposition is more uniform. In addition, the effects of Young’s modulus of solid electrolyte and ambient temperature on the growth of lithium dendrites in a common range are compared with each other. It is found that the inhibition effect of changing Young’s modulus of solid electrolyte on the maximum length of lithium dendrites is 19% higher than that caused by the change of ambient temperature.
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Keywords:
- solid state battery /
- lithium dendrite /
- phase-field model /
- mechanical stress
[1] Krauskopf T, Dippel R, Hartmann H, Peppler K, Mogwitz B, Richter F H, Zeier W G, Janek J 2019 Joule 3 2030
Google Scholar
[2] Steiger J, Kramer D, Mönig R 2014 Electrochim. Acta 136 529
Google Scholar
[3] Porz L, Swamy T, Sheldon B W, Rettenwander D, Frömling T, Thaman H L, Berendts S, Uecker R, Carter W C, Chiang Y M 2017 Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1701003
Google Scholar
[4] Li Y, Li Y, Pei A, Yan K, Sun Y, Wu C L, Joubert L M, Chin R, Koh A L, Yu Y, Perrino J, Butz B, Chu S, Cui Y 2017 Science 358 506
Google Scholar
[5] Monroe C, Newman J 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A1377
Google Scholar
[6] Akolkar R 2013 J. Power Sources 232 23
Google Scholar
[7] Hong Z, Viswanathan V 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 1737
Google Scholar
[8] Chen L, Zhang H W, Liang L Y, Liu Z, Qi Y, Lu P, Chen J, Chen L Q 2015 J. Power Sources 300 376
Google Scholar
[9] Ely D R, Jana A, García R E 2014 J. Power Sources 272 581
Google Scholar
[10] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 Electrochim. Acta 265 609
Google Scholar
[11] Yan H H, Bie Y H, Cui X Y, Xiong G P, Chen L 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 161 193
Google Scholar
[12] Jeon J, Yoon G H, Vegge T, Chang J H 2022 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 15275
Google Scholar
[13] 张更, 王巧, 沙立婷, 李亚捷, 王达, 施思齐 2020 69 226401
Google Scholar
Zhang G, Wang Q, Sha L T, Li Y J, Wang D, Shi S Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 226401
Google Scholar
[14] Hong Z, Ahmad Z, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 2466
Google Scholar
[15] Hong Z, Viswanathan V 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1012
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang J, Liu Y P, Wang C G, Tan H F 2021 J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 090522
Google Scholar
[17] Ren Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y 2020 J. Phys. Chem. C 124 12195
Google Scholar
[18] Lee J, Howell T, Rottmayer M, Boeckl J, Huang H 2019 J. Electrochem. Soc. 166 A416
Google Scholar
[19] Bryden T S, Dimitrov B, Hilton G, Bugryniec P, Brown S, Cumming D, Cruden A 2018 J. Power Sources 395 369
Google Scholar
[20] Li L, Basu S, Wang Y, Chen Z Z, Hundekar P, Wang B W, Shi J, Shi Y F, Narayanan, S, Koratkar N 2018 Science 359 1513
Google Scholar
[21] Ichikawa K, Nozaki H, Komazawa N, Tachibana A 2012 AIP Adv. 2 042195
Google Scholar
[22] Love C T, Baturina O A, Swider-Lyons K E 2015 ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4 A24
Google Scholar
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图 1 不同环境温度下锂枝晶生长模型
Figure 1. Lithium dendrite growth models at different environmental temperatures.
图 2 不同环境温度下最大锂枝晶长度实验模拟对比
Figure 2. Experimental simulation comparison of maximum lithium dendrite length under different environmental temperatures.
图 3 不同环境温度同一时刻锂枝晶生长 (a) Li+浓度分布; (b) 扩散系数分布
Figure 3. Lithium dendrite growth at different ambient temperatures at the same time: (a) Li+ concentration distribution; (b) diffusion coefficient distribution.
图 4 不同环境温度同一时刻机械-热耦合模型锂枝晶生长模型 (a) 锂枝晶生长形貌; (b) 锂离子浓度分布; (c) 锂枝晶X轴方向机械应力分布
Figure 4. Lithium dendrite growth model with different environmental temperatures and same time mechanical thermal coupling model: (a) Growth morphology of lithium dendrite; (b) lithium ion concentration distribution; (c) mechanical stress distribution in the X-axis direction of lithium dendrite.
图 5 不同环境温度锂枝晶生长长度统计
Figure 5. Statistics of lithium dendrite growth length at different environmental temperatures.
图 6 300 K条件下, 机械-热耦合枝晶生长模型中的“空洞”
Figure 6. “Void” in the mechanical thermal coupling dendrite growth model at 300 K.
图 7 不同环境温度下锂枝晶生长界面上应力随时间变化(a) 最大拉应力; (b) 最大压应力
Figure 7. Stress at the lithium dendrite growth interface changes with time at the different ambient temperatures: (a) Maximum tensile stress; (b) maximum compressive stress
图 8 不同杨氏模量聚合物固态电解质中锂枝晶模型 (a) 锂枝晶生长形貌; (b) 锂枝晶X方向机械应力分布; (c) 锂枝晶所在电场电压分布
Figure 8. Lithium dendrite model in solid polymer electrolytes with different Young’s modulus: (a) Morphology of lithium dendrite growth; (b) mechanical stress distribution in X direction of lithium dendrite; (c) electric field and voltage distribution of lithium dendrite.
图 9 电沉积初期t = 1 s时刻, 不同杨氏模量固态电解质中机械应力分布
Figure 9. Mechanical stress distribution in solid electrolytes with different Young’s modulus at t = 1 s during the initial stage of electrodeposition.
图 10 不同杨氏模量聚合物固态电解质电池锂枝晶生长界面最大应力差
Figure 10. Maximum stress difference at the interface of lithium dendrite growth in polymer solid electrolyte batteries with different Young’s modulus.
图 11 同一时刻不同温度不同固体电解质杨氏模量条件下最大锂枝晶长度
Figure 11. Maximum lithium dendrite length under the condition of different Young’s modulus of solid electrolytes at the same time and different temperatures.
图 12 同一时刻不同外应力锂枝晶模型 (a) 锂枝晶生长形貌; (b) 锂枝晶模型机械应力分布
Figure 12. Lithium dendrite models with different external stresses at the same time: (a) Morphology of lithium dendrite growth; (b) mechanical stress distribution of lithium dendrite models.
图 13 不同时刻锂枝晶生长界面机械应力范围分布图 (a) 1 MPa; (b) 10 MPa; (c) 20 MPa
Figure 13. Distribution of mechanical stress range at the interface of lithium dendrite growth at different times: (a) 1 MPa; (b) 10 MPa; (c) 20 MPa.
表 1 相场模拟参数
Table 1. Phase field simulation parameters.
参数名称 值 文献 界面迁移率${L_\sigma}$/(10–6 m3·J–1·s–1) 2.5 [7] 动力学系数$ {L_\eta } $/s–1 0.1 [15] 梯度能量系数$ {\kappa _0} $/(10–5 J·m–1) 1.5 [16] 锂离子标准扩散系数$ {D_0}$/(10–12 m2·s–1) 2.5 [17] 电极的电导率$ {\sigma _{\rm{s}}} $/(107 S·m–1) 1.0 [8] 电解质的电导率$ {\sigma _{{\mathrm{l}}}} $/(10–2 S·m–1) 3.5 [18] 电荷转移数$ \alpha $ 0.5 [8] 对流换热系数h /(W·m–2·K–1) 10 [11] 热辐射系数$ {\varepsilon _{\text{R}}} $ 0.49 [11] 电极比热容$ {C_{{\text{ps}}}} $/(J·g–1·K–1) 3.55 [19] 电解质比热容$ {C_{{\text{pl}}}} $/(J·g–1·K–1) 1.76 [18] 电极导热系数$ {\kappa ^{\mathrm{s}}} $/(W·m–1·K–1) 84.8 [20] 电解质导热系数$ {\kappa ^{\mathrm{l}}} $/(W·m–1·K–1) 0.45 [18] 电极杨氏模量$ {E^{\mathrm{s}}} $/GPa 4.9 [21] 聚合物电解质杨氏模量$ {E^{\mathrm{l}}} $/GPa 0.07 [18] 纳米填料杨氏模量$ {E^{\mathrm{f}}} $/GPa 300 [17] 泊松比$ \upsilon $ 0.36 [10] 
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[1] Krauskopf T, Dippel R, Hartmann H, Peppler K, Mogwitz B, Richter F H, Zeier W G, Janek J 2019 Joule 3 2030
Google Scholar
[2] Steiger J, Kramer D, Mönig R 2014 Electrochim. Acta 136 529
Google Scholar
[3] Porz L, Swamy T, Sheldon B W, Rettenwander D, Frömling T, Thaman H L, Berendts S, Uecker R, Carter W C, Chiang Y M 2017 Adv. Energy Mater. 7 1701003
Google Scholar
[4] Li Y, Li Y, Pei A, Yan K, Sun Y, Wu C L, Joubert L M, Chin R, Koh A L, Yu Y, Perrino J, Butz B, Chu S, Cui Y 2017 Science 358 506
Google Scholar
[5] Monroe C, Newman J 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A1377
Google Scholar
[6] Akolkar R 2013 J. Power Sources 232 23
Google Scholar
[7] Hong Z, Viswanathan V 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 1737
Google Scholar
[8] Chen L, Zhang H W, Liang L Y, Liu Z, Qi Y, Lu P, Chen J, Chen L Q 2015 J. Power Sources 300 376
Google Scholar
[9] Ely D R, Jana A, García R E 2014 J. Power Sources 272 581
Google Scholar
[10] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 Electrochim. Acta 265 609
Google Scholar
[11] Yan H H, Bie Y H, Cui X Y, Xiong G P, Chen L 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 161 193
Google Scholar
[12] Jeon J, Yoon G H, Vegge T, Chang J H 2022 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 15275
Google Scholar
[13] 张更, 王巧, 沙立婷, 李亚捷, 王达, 施思齐 2020 69 226401
Google Scholar
Zhang G, Wang Q, Sha L T, Li Y J, Wang D, Shi S Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 226401
Google Scholar
[14] Hong Z, Ahmad Z, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 2466
Google Scholar
[15] Hong Z, Viswanathan V 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1012
Google Scholar
[16] Zhang J, Liu Y P, Wang C G, Tan H F 2021 J. Electrochem. Soc. 168 090522
Google Scholar
[17] Ren Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y 2020 J. Phys. Chem. C 124 12195
Google Scholar
[18] Lee J, Howell T, Rottmayer M, Boeckl J, Huang H 2019 J. Electrochem. Soc. 166 A416
Google Scholar
[19] Bryden T S, Dimitrov B, Hilton G, Bugryniec P, Brown S, Cumming D, Cruden A 2018 J. Power Sources 395 369
Google Scholar
[20] Li L, Basu S, Wang Y, Chen Z Z, Hundekar P, Wang B W, Shi J, Shi Y F, Narayanan, S, Koratkar N 2018 Science 359 1513
Google Scholar
[21] Ichikawa K, Nozaki H, Komazawa N, Tachibana A 2012 AIP Adv. 2 042195
Google Scholar
[22] Love C T, Baturina O A, Swider-Lyons K E 2015 ECS Electrochem. Lett. 4 A24
Google Scholar
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