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全固态钠电池兼具高安全和低成本的潜在优势, 是储能领域的热点发展技术之一. 高性能固态电解质是实现全固态钠电池的关键因素. 近年来, 反钙钛矿型锂/钠离子导体因高离子电导率和灵活的结构设计, 已经受到广泛关注. 然而, 富钠反钙钛矿型Na3OBrxI1–x(0 < x < 1)的合成复杂、室温离子电导率偏低、且电化学性能研究较少. 本文通过简单合成路径得到纯相反钙钛矿型Na3OBrxI1–x, 经过100 ℃热处理之后, 其离子电导率在100 ℃可达10–3 S·cm–1以上. 然而, 随着温度降低, 离子电导率会发生跳变. 通过固态核磁共振(NMR)分析, 表明该现象可能与材料复杂的结构对称性和钠位变化有关. 同时, 对Na3OBrxI1–x在全固态钠电池中的可行性进行了评估. 研究表明, Na3OBrxI1–x材料不具有“亲钠性”, 通过离子液体对界面进行修饰后, Na3OBrxI1–x展现出良好的钠金属相容性, 组装的TiS2/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/Na-Sn全电池首次放电比容量为190 mAh·g–1. 本文促进了对反钙钛矿型Na3OBrxI1–x结构和性质的理解, 并初步探究了其作为钠离子固态电解质的应用前景.All-solid-state sodium batteries are promising candidates in energy storage applications due to their high safety and low cost. A suitable solid electrolyte is a key component for high-performance all-solid-state sodium battery. Current inorganic solid electrolytes mainly include oxide- and sulfide-based electrolytes. However, the oxide-based electrolytes require to be sinetred above 1000 ℃ for high ionic conductivity, and most sulfide-based electrolytes can react with H2O torelease toxic H2S gas. These features will hinder the practical application of all-solid-state sodium batteries. In recent years, novel sodium ionic conductors have appeared successively. Among them, anti-perovskite type of Li/Na ionic conductor has received a lot of attention because of its high ionic conductivity and flexible structure design. Nevertheless, the synthesis of Na-rich anti-perovskite Na3OBrxI1–x (0 < x < 1) is complex, the ionic conductivity at room temperature is relatively low, and its electrochemical properties remain unknown. Here in this work, the phase-pure Na-rich anti-perovskite Na3OBrxI1–x is synthesized by a facile synthesis way. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the anti-perovskite structure without any impurity phase is obtained. Alternating-current (AC) impedance spectrum is used for measuring ionic conductivity of electrolyte pellets after thermally being treated at around 100 ℃. The Na3OBr0.3I0.7 exhibits an ionic conductivity of 1.47 × 10–3 S/cm at 100 ℃. Unfortunately, the ionic conductivity experiences a sharp drop with the decrease of temperature, which may be related to the change of structural symmetry and Na sites in the structure revealed by solid state 23Na NMR. In particular, the ionic conductivities of Na3OBrxI1–x demonstrate the potential applications at medium temperature (40－80 ℃ in which the ionic conductivity of Na3OBrxI1–x is close to or higher than 10–4 S/cm) for all-solid-state sodium battery. Therefore, the compatibility against Na metal and the electrochemical performance in all-solid-state batteries have been evaluated. Since Na3OBrxI1–x is not “Na-philic”, the resistance in impedance of the Na/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/Na is very high. However, after modifying the interface by ionic liquid, the Na3OBr0.5I0.5 exhibits good compatibility against Na metal and tiny ionic liquid also leads to high initial discharge specific capacity of 190 mAh/g and excellent cycling stability (around 127 mAh/g after 10 cycles) in the TiS2/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/Na-Sn solid-state battery. The capacity decay maybe results from the inferior interfacial contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrode materials because the electrode materials in this system experience large volume change during cycling. The successful operation in solid-state sodium batteries indicates that the Na3OBrxI1–x is feasible to be used as a sodium solid electrolyte, which is of great importance for practical application of Na-rich anti-perovskite solid electrolytes.
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Keywords:
- solid-state battery /
- sodium ion electrolyte /
- anti-perovskite /
- electrochemical properties
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图 1 (a)合成的反钙钛矿Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7)样品的XRD图谱; (b)图(a)的局部放大图
Fig. 1. (a) The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of synthezied anti-perovskites Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7); (b) local zoom of Fig. (a).
图 2 通过(a)冷压和(b)热压方法制备得到的Na3OBr0.5I0.5电解质片的SEM图; (c)不同温度下测得的热压Na3OBr0.5I0.5片的Nyquist曲线; (d) Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7)的logσ与1000/T对应曲线
Fig. 2. SEM images of (a) cold-pressed and (b) hot-pressed Na3OBr0.5I0.5 solid electrolyte pellets; (c) Nyquist plots of hot-pressed Na3OBr0.5I0.5 measured at different temperatures; (d) logσ versus 1000/T plots for Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7).
图 3 Na3OBr0.3I0.7在不同温度下的 (a)固态核磁图谱; (b)XRD图谱
Fig. 3. (a) Solid state 23Na NMR spectra and (b) XRD patterns of Na3OBr0.3I0.7 at different temperature.
图 4 (a) Na/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/Na对称电池的电化学阻抗谱; (b) 添加了离子液体的Na/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na对称电池的电化学阻抗谱; (c) Na/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na对称电池在不同电流密度下的充放电曲线; (d) TiS2/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na-Sn在50 ℃, 0.1 C条件下充放电曲线
Fig. 4. (a) Electrochemical impedance plot of Na/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/Na symmetrical cell; (b) electrochemical impedance plot of Na/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na symmetrical cell with ionic liquid; (c) charge-discharge curves of Na/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na symmetrical cell at different current density; (d) charge-discharge curves of TiS2/IL/Na3OBr0.5I0.5/IL/Na-Sn operated at 50°C, 0.1 C.
表 1 Na3OBr0.5I0.5在冷压和热压下的密度
Table 1. Density of hot- and cold-pressed Na3OBr0.5I0.5
密度/ g·cm–3 致密度 冷压 2.11 69% 热压 2.55 83% 真实密度* 3.06 — *真实密度基于XRD谱得到的晶格参数计算, 晶格参数计算基于简单的立方相[26], 忽略结构对称性破坏引起的细微变化. 
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表 2 Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7)离子电导率
Table 2. Ionic conductivity of Na3OBrxI1–x (x = 0.3, 0.5, 0.7).
温度/℃ 离子电导率/ S·cm–1 Na3OBr0.7I0.3 Na3OBr0.5I0.5 Na3OBr0.3I0.7 130 1.67 × 10–3 — — 110 8.96 × 10–4 1.32 × 10–3 5.55 × 10–3 100 4.50 × 10–4 6.56 × 10–4 1.47 × 10–3 80 9.73 × 10–5 2.01 × 10–4 3.93 × 10–4 60 1.22 × 10–5 6.78 × 10–5 2.05 × 10–4 40 — 1.06 × 10–5 —
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[1] Li M, Lu J, Chen Z, Amine K 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 e1800561
Google Scholar
[2] Service R F 2019 Science 366 292
Google Scholar
[3] Yabuuchi N, Kubota K, Dahbi M, Komaba S 2014 Chem. Rev. 114 11636
Google Scholar
[4] Lee J M, Singh G, Cha W, Kim S, Yi J, Hwang S J, Vinu A 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 1939
Google Scholar
[5] Yang C, Xin S, Mai L, You Y 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10.1002/aenm.202000974
Google Scholar
[6] Rajagopalan R, Tang Y, Jia C, Ji X, Wang H 2020 Energy Environ. Sci. 13 1568
Google Scholar
[7] Xiao Y H, Wang Y, Bo S H, Kim J C, Miara L J, Ceder G 2020 Nat. Rev. Mater. 5 105
Google Scholar
[8] Feng X, Ren D, He X, Ouyang M 2020 Joule 4 743
Google Scholar
[9] Chen R, Li Q, Yu X, Chen L, Li H 2019 Chem. Rev. 120 6820
Google Scholar
[10] Xu L, Li J, Deng W, Shuai H, Li S, Xu Z, Li J, Hou H, Peng H, Zou G, Ji X 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10.1002/aenm. 202000648
Google Scholar
[11] Lu Y, Li L, Zhang Q, Niu Z, Chen J 2018 Joule 2 1747
Google Scholar
[12] Kamaya N, Homma K, Yamakawa Y, Hirayama M, Kanno R, Yonemura M, Kamiyama T, Kato Y, Hama S, Kawamoto K, Mitsui A 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 682
Google Scholar
[13] Kato Y, Hori S, Saito T, Suzuki K, Hirayama M, Mitsui A, Yonemura M, Iba H, Kanno R 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16030
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang Z, Sun Y, Duan X, Peng L, Jia H, Zhang Y, Shan B, Xie J 2019 J. Mater. Chem. A 7 2717
Google Scholar
[15] Zhou L, Assoud A, Zhang Q, Wu X, Nazar L F 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 19002
Google Scholar
[16] Wang C, Fu K, Kammampata S P, McOwen D W, Samson A J, Zhang L, Hitz G T, Nolan A M, Wachsman E D, Mo Y, Thangadurai V, Hu L 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 4257
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang Z, Zhang J, Jia H, Peng L, An T, Xie J 2020 J. Power Sources 450
Google Scholar
[18] Fuchs T, Culver S P, Till P, Zeier W G 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 5 146
Google Scholar
[19] Jia H, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Peng L, An T, Xie J 2019 Energy Storage Mater. 23 508
Google Scholar
[20] Hayashi A, Masuzawa N, Yubuchi S, Tsuji F, Hotehama C, Sakuda A, Tatsumisago M 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 5266
Google Scholar
[21] Jia H, Liang X, An T, Peng L, Feng J, Xie J 2020 Chem. Mater. 32 4065
Google Scholar
[22] Zheng F, Kotobuki M, Song S, Lai M O, Lu L 2018 J. Power Sources 389 198
Google Scholar
[23] Jia H, Peng L, Zhang Z, An T, Xie J 2020 J. Energy Chem. 48 102
Google Scholar
[24] Narayanan S, Reid S, Butler S, Thangadurai V 2019 Solid State Ionics 331 22
Google Scholar
[25] Zhao Y S, Daemen L L 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 15042
Google Scholar
[26] Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zou R, Wang Y, Lin J, Zhao Y 2015 J. Power Sources 293 735
Google Scholar
[27] Fan S S, Lei M, Wu H, Hu J, Yin C L, Liang T X, Li C L 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 31 87
Google Scholar
[28] Yang Q F, Li C L 2018 Energy Storage Mater. 14 100
Google Scholar
[29] Nguyen H, Hy S, Wu E, Deng Z, Samiee M, Yersak T, Luo J, Ong S P, Meng Y S 2016 J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 A2165
Google Scholar
[30] Braga M H, Ferreira J A, Murchison A J, Goodenough J B 2016 J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 A207
Google Scholar
[31] Braga M H, Murchison A J, Ferreira J A, Singh P, Goodenough J B 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 948
Google Scholar
[32] Sun Y, Wang Y, Liang X, Xia Y, Peng L, Jia H, Li H, Bai L, Feng J, Jiang H, Xie J 2019 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 5640
Google Scholar
[33] Wang Y, Wen T, Park C, Kenney B C, Pravica M, Yang W, Zhao Y 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 025901
Google Scholar
[34] Zhu J, Wang Y, Li S, Howard J W, Neuefeind J, Ren Y, Wang H, Liang C, Yang W, Zou R, Jin C, Zhao Y 2016 Inorg. Chem. 55 5993
Google Scholar
[35] Lv Z L, Cui H L, Wang H, Li X H, Ji G F 2017 Phys. Status Solidi B) 254 1700089
Google Scholar
[36] Dawson J A, Chen H, Islam M S 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 23978
Google Scholar
[37] Pham T L, Samad A, Kim H J, Shin Y H 2018 J. Appl. Phys. 124 164106
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[39] Fang H, Jena P 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 963
Google Scholar
[40] Yu Y, Wang Z, Shao G 2019 J. Mater. Chem. A 7 21985
Google Scholar
[41] Hippler K, Sitta S, Vogt P, Sabrowsky H 1990 Acta Cryst. C 46 736
[42] Hu J L, Yao Z G, Chen K Y, Li C L 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 28 37
Google Scholar
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