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With the rapid progress of computer technology, computational research exhibits significant advantages in investigating microstructure evolution of material systems. As a computational research method of material dynamics, increasing attention has been paid to the phase-field model because of its avoidance of complicated interface tracking and convenience of dealing with applied fields. Theoretical framework of the phase-field model and three current phase-field models for multicomponent multiphase systems (the Carter, Steinbach, and Chen models) are introduced and reviewed in terms of interpretation of phase-field variables, way of coupling thermodynamic database, way of constructing the free energy density, and evolution equations. This review only focuses on the application of the phase-field model in electrochemical energy storage materials, and introduces its existing phase-field simulation results, which demonstrates that the phase-field model has tremendous potential in describing the microstructure evolution (anisotropic transport and phase separation, elastic and plastic deformation, crack propagation and fracture, dendrite growth, etc) and improving the performance of electrochemical energy storage materials. Finally, from two aspects of improving phase-field theory and extending application, future development trend and problems to be solved of phase-field simulations in electrochemical energy storage materials are discussed and looked ahead.
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Keywords:
- phase-field model /
- electrochemical energy storage materials /
- stress evolution /
- plastic deformation /
- dendrite growth
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[2] Ceder G 2010 MRS Bull. 35 693Google Scholar
[3] Wang A P, Kadam S, Li H, Shi S Q, Qi Y 2018 NPJ Comput. Mater. 4 15Google Scholar
[4] Andersen H C 1980 J. Chem. Phys. 72 2384Google Scholar
[5] Stramer O 2001 J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 96 342
[6] Shi S, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W, Ouyang C, Xiao R 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212Google Scholar
[7] Zou Z Z, Li Y Y, Lu Z H, Wang D, Cui Y H, Guo B K, Li Y J, Liang X M, Feng J W, Li H, Nan C W, Armand M, Chen L Q, Xu K, Shi S Q 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 4169Google Scholar
[8] Biner S B 2017 Programming Phase-Field Modeling (Berlin: Springer)
[9] Steinbach I, Pezzolla F, Nestler B, Sedklberg M, Ptieler R, Schmitz G J, Rezende J L L 1996 Physica D 94 135Google Scholar
[10] De Groot S R, Mazur P 2013 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Courier Corporation)
[11] Wheeler A A, Boettinger W S, McFadden G B 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 7424Google Scholar
[12] Kazaryan A, Wang Y, Dregia S A, Patton B R 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 14275Google Scholar
[13] Karma A, Rappel W J 1998 Phys. Rev. E 57 4323Google Scholar
[14] Simmons J P, Shen C, Wang Y 2000 Scr. Mater. 43 935Google Scholar
[15] Granasy L, Pusztai T, Saylor D, Warren J A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 035703Google Scholar
[16] Chakrabarti D J, Laughlin D E 2004 Prog. Mater. Sci. 49 389Google Scholar
[17] Xu Z, Meakin P 2008 J. Chem. Phys. 129 014705Google Scholar
[18] Hötzer J, Seiz M, Kellner M, Rheinheimer W, Nestler B 2019 Acta Mater. 164 184Google Scholar
[19] Wang Y U 2006 Acta Mater. 54 953Google Scholar
[20] Koslowski M, Cuitino A M, Ortiz M 2002 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 2597Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y U, Jin Y M, Cuitin A M, Khachaturyan A G 2001 Acta Mater. 49 1847Google Scholar
[22] Boussinot G, Le Bouar Y, Finel A 2010 Acta Mater. 58 4170Google Scholar
[23] Yu P, Hu S Y, Chen L Q, Du Q 2005 J. Comput. Phys. 208 34Google Scholar
[24] Stefanovic P, Haataja M, Provatas N 2009 Phys. Rev. E 80 046107Google Scholar
[25] Takaki T, Tomita Y 2010 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 52 320Google Scholar
[26] Hakim V, Karma A 2009 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 57 342Google Scholar
[27] Karma A, Kessler D A, Levine H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 045501Google Scholar
[28] Cahn J W 1961 Acta Metall. Sin. 9 795Google Scholar
[29] Allen S M, Cahn J W 1972 Acta Metall. Sin. 20 423Google Scholar
[30] Kim S G, Kim W T, Suzuki T 1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 7186Google Scholar
[31] Zhang L, Steinbach I 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2702Google Scholar
[32] Steinbach I, Zhang L, Plapp M 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2689Google Scholar
[33] Cogswell D A, Carter W C 2011 Phys. Rev. E 83 061602
[34] Chen L Q 2002 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 113Google Scholar
[35] Yu H C, Wang F, Amatucci G G, Thornton K 2016 J. Phase. Equilib. Diffus. 37 86Google Scholar
[36] Garcı́a R E, Bishop C M, Carter W C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 11Google Scholar
[37] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021603Google Scholar
[38] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021604Google Scholar
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[42] Bazant M Z 2012 arXiv preprint arXiv 1208 1587
[43] Bai P, Cogswell D A, Bazant M Z 2011 Nano. Lett. 11 4890Google Scholar
[44] Hong L, Li L, Chen-Wiegart Y K, Wang J, Xiang K, Gan L, Li W, Meng F, Wang F, Wang J, Chiang Y M, Jin S, Tang M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1194Google Scholar
[45] Li Y Y, Chen H G, Lim K, Deng H D, Lim J, Fraggedakis D, Attia P M, Lee S C, Jin N, Moškon J, Guan Z, Gent W E, Hong J, Yu Y S, Gaberšček M, Islam M S, Bazant M Z, Chueh W C 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 915Google Scholar
[46] Fleck M, Federmann H, Pogorelov E 2018 Comput. Mater. Sci. 153 288Google Scholar
[47] Zhang X Y, Hao F, Chen H S, Fang D N 2015 Mech. Mater. 91 351Google Scholar
[48] Zuo P, Zhao Y P 2015 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 287Google Scholar
[49] Lim C, Yan B, Yin L, Zhu L 2012 Electrochim. Acta 75 279Google Scholar
[50] Gao F, Hong W 2016 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 94 18Google Scholar
[51] Chen L, Fan F, Hong L, Chen J, Ji Y Z, Zhang S L, Zhu T, Chen L Q 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 F3164Google Scholar
[52] Zhang X, Krischok A, Linder C 2016 Comput. Method Appl. M. 312 51Google Scholar
[53] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 016110Google Scholar
[54] Zhao K, Pharr M, Cai S, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 S226Google Scholar
[55] Bower A F, Guduru P R, Sethuraman V A 2011 J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 59 804Google Scholar
[56] Walk A C, Huttin M, Kamlah M 2014 Eur. J. Mech. A.Solids 48 74Google Scholar
[57] Aranson I S, Kalatsky V A, Vinokur V M 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 118Google Scholar
[58] Marconi V I, Jagla E A 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036110Google Scholar
[59] Spatschek R, Muller-Gugenberger C, Brener E, Nestler B 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 066111Google Scholar
[60] Miehe C, Hofacker M, Welschinger F 2010 Comput. Method Appl. M. 199 2765Google Scholar
[61] Miehe C, Welschinger F, Hofacker M 2010 Mech. Phys. Solids 58 1716Google Scholar
[62] Hofacker M, Miehe C 2013 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 93 276Google Scholar
[63] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2010 Int. J. Solids Struct. 47 1424Google Scholar
[64] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2011 Int. J. Solids Struct. 48 2304Google Scholar
[65] Woodford W H, Chiang Y M, Carter W C 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A1052Google Scholar
[66] Zhu M, Park J, Sastry A M 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 A492Google Scholar
[67] Gao Y F, Zhou M 2013 J. Power Sources 230 176Google Scholar
[68] Klinsmann M, Rosato D, Kamlah M, McMeeking R M 2016 Mech. Phys. Solids 92 313Google Scholar
[69] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 073517Google Scholar
[70] Huttin M, Kamlah M 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 101 133902
[71] Liang L, Chen L Q 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 263903Google Scholar
[72] Miehe C, Dal H, Schänzel L M, Raina A 2016 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 106 683Google Scholar
[73] Zhao Y, Xu B X, Stein P, Gross D 2016 Comput. Method. Appl. M. 312 428Google Scholar
[74] Zhuang Y, Zou Z Y, Lu B, Li Y J, Wang D, Avdeev M, Shi S Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 068202Google Scholar
[75] Lu B, Ning C Q, Shi D X, Zhao Y F, Zhang J Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 026201Google Scholar
[76] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 3254Google Scholar
[77] Li Y, Hu S, Sun X, Stan M 2017 NPJ Comput. Mater. 3 1Google Scholar
[78] Yamaki J I, Tobishima S I, Hayashi K, Saito K, Nemoto Y, Arakawa M 1998 J. Power Sources 74 219Google Scholar
[79] Jana A, Woo S I, Vikrant K S N, García R E 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 3595Google Scholar
[80] Li G, Liu Z, Huang Q, Gao Y, Regula M, Wang D, Chen L Q, Wang D 2018 Nat. Energy 3 1076Google Scholar
[81] Li G, Liu Z, Wang D, He X, Liu S, Gao Y, AlZahrani A, Kim S H, Chen L Q, Wang D 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1900704Google Scholar
[82] Xu F D, Graff G L, Zhang i, Sushko M L, Chen X, Shao Y, Engelhard M H, Nie Z, Xiao J, Liu X, Sushko P V, Liu J, Zhang J G 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 4450Google Scholar
[83] Monroe C, Newman J 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A1377Google Scholar
[84] Shibuta Y, Okajima Y, Suzuki T 2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 511Google Scholar
[85] Okajima Y, Shibuta Y, Suzuki T 2010 Comput. Mater. Sci. 50 118Google Scholar
[86] Liang L, Qi Y, Xue F, Bhattacharya S, Harris S J, Chen L Q 2012 Phys. Rev. E 86 051609Google Scholar
[87] Chen L, Zhang H W, Liang L Y, Liu Z, Qi Y, Lu P, Chen J, Chen L Q 2015 J. Power Sources 300 376Google Scholar
[88] Tan J, Tartakovsky A M, Ferris K, Ryan E M 2016 J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 A318Google Scholar
[89] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 Electrochim. Acta 265 609Google Scholar
[90] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 MRS Commun. 8 1285Google Scholar
[91] Yan H H, Bie Y H, Cu X Y, Xiong G P, Chen L 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 161 193Google Scholar
[92] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 1737Google Scholar
[93] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 2466Google Scholar
[94] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1012Google Scholar
[95] Mu W, Liu X, Wen Z, Liu L 2019 J. Energy Storage 26 100921Google Scholar
[96] Zhang R, Shen X, Cheng X B, Zhang Q 2019 Energy Storage Mater. 23 556Google Scholar
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图 4 (a) 锂离子嵌入到FePO4时活跃面(010)快速扩散(蓝色箭头)和相分离示意图[43]; (b) LiFePO4相变过程中的三种可能的扩散路径: 体扩散、表面扩散和电解液扩散[45]
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of diffusion of active surface (010) (blue arrows) and phase separation when Li-ion intercalates FePO4[43]; (b) three potential migration paths in phase transition of LiFePO4: bulk, surface, and electrolyte diffusions[45].
图 6 锂化过程中的裂纹扩展 (a)初始状态; (b)相偏析导致裂纹扩展; (c)相界面赶上裂纹尖端; (d)裂纹尖端在相界面处开始分叉; (e)相界面离开裂纹尖端向中心移动; (f)反应停止[73]
Figure 6. Crack propagation during lithiation process: (a) Initial state; (b) phase segregation generates crack propagation; (c) the phase interface catches up with the crack tip; (d) the crack tip starts to branch at the phase interphase; (e) phase interface leaves crack tip and moves towards center; (f) the reaction stops [73].
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[1] Gogotsi Y, Simon P 2011 Science 334 917Google Scholar
[2] Ceder G 2010 MRS Bull. 35 693Google Scholar
[3] Wang A P, Kadam S, Li H, Shi S Q, Qi Y 2018 NPJ Comput. Mater. 4 15Google Scholar
[4] Andersen H C 1980 J. Chem. Phys. 72 2384Google Scholar
[5] Stramer O 2001 J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 96 342
[6] Shi S, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W, Ouyang C, Xiao R 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212Google Scholar
[7] Zou Z Z, Li Y Y, Lu Z H, Wang D, Cui Y H, Guo B K, Li Y J, Liang X M, Feng J W, Li H, Nan C W, Armand M, Chen L Q, Xu K, Shi S Q 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 4169Google Scholar
[8] Biner S B 2017 Programming Phase-Field Modeling (Berlin: Springer)
[9] Steinbach I, Pezzolla F, Nestler B, Sedklberg M, Ptieler R, Schmitz G J, Rezende J L L 1996 Physica D 94 135Google Scholar
[10] De Groot S R, Mazur P 2013 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Courier Corporation)
[11] Wheeler A A, Boettinger W S, McFadden G B 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 7424Google Scholar
[12] Kazaryan A, Wang Y, Dregia S A, Patton B R 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 14275Google Scholar
[13] Karma A, Rappel W J 1998 Phys. Rev. E 57 4323Google Scholar
[14] Simmons J P, Shen C, Wang Y 2000 Scr. Mater. 43 935Google Scholar
[15] Granasy L, Pusztai T, Saylor D, Warren J A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 035703Google Scholar
[16] Chakrabarti D J, Laughlin D E 2004 Prog. Mater. Sci. 49 389Google Scholar
[17] Xu Z, Meakin P 2008 J. Chem. Phys. 129 014705Google Scholar
[18] Hötzer J, Seiz M, Kellner M, Rheinheimer W, Nestler B 2019 Acta Mater. 164 184Google Scholar
[19] Wang Y U 2006 Acta Mater. 54 953Google Scholar
[20] Koslowski M, Cuitino A M, Ortiz M 2002 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 2597Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y U, Jin Y M, Cuitin A M, Khachaturyan A G 2001 Acta Mater. 49 1847Google Scholar
[22] Boussinot G, Le Bouar Y, Finel A 2010 Acta Mater. 58 4170Google Scholar
[23] Yu P, Hu S Y, Chen L Q, Du Q 2005 J. Comput. Phys. 208 34Google Scholar
[24] Stefanovic P, Haataja M, Provatas N 2009 Phys. Rev. E 80 046107Google Scholar
[25] Takaki T, Tomita Y 2010 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 52 320Google Scholar
[26] Hakim V, Karma A 2009 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 57 342Google Scholar
[27] Karma A, Kessler D A, Levine H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 045501Google Scholar
[28] Cahn J W 1961 Acta Metall. Sin. 9 795Google Scholar
[29] Allen S M, Cahn J W 1972 Acta Metall. Sin. 20 423Google Scholar
[30] Kim S G, Kim W T, Suzuki T 1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 7186Google Scholar
[31] Zhang L, Steinbach I 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2702Google Scholar
[32] Steinbach I, Zhang L, Plapp M 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2689Google Scholar
[33] Cogswell D A, Carter W C 2011 Phys. Rev. E 83 061602
[34] Chen L Q 2002 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 113Google Scholar
[35] Yu H C, Wang F, Amatucci G G, Thornton K 2016 J. Phase. Equilib. Diffus. 37 86Google Scholar
[36] Garcı́a R E, Bishop C M, Carter W C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 11Google Scholar
[37] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021603Google Scholar
[38] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021604Google Scholar
[39] Han B C, Ven A V d, Morgan D, Ceder G 2004 Electrochim. Acta 49 4691Google Scholar
[40] Cogswell D A, Bazant M Z 2012 ACS Nano 6 2215Google Scholar
[41] Singh G K, Ceder G, Bazant M Z 2008 Electrochim. Acta 53 7599Google Scholar
[42] Bazant M Z 2012 arXiv preprint arXiv 1208 1587
[43] Bai P, Cogswell D A, Bazant M Z 2011 Nano. Lett. 11 4890Google Scholar
[44] Hong L, Li L, Chen-Wiegart Y K, Wang J, Xiang K, Gan L, Li W, Meng F, Wang F, Wang J, Chiang Y M, Jin S, Tang M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1194Google Scholar
[45] Li Y Y, Chen H G, Lim K, Deng H D, Lim J, Fraggedakis D, Attia P M, Lee S C, Jin N, Moškon J, Guan Z, Gent W E, Hong J, Yu Y S, Gaberšček M, Islam M S, Bazant M Z, Chueh W C 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 915Google Scholar
[46] Fleck M, Federmann H, Pogorelov E 2018 Comput. Mater. Sci. 153 288Google Scholar
[47] Zhang X Y, Hao F, Chen H S, Fang D N 2015 Mech. Mater. 91 351Google Scholar
[48] Zuo P, Zhao Y P 2015 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 287Google Scholar
[49] Lim C, Yan B, Yin L, Zhu L 2012 Electrochim. Acta 75 279Google Scholar
[50] Gao F, Hong W 2016 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 94 18Google Scholar
[51] Chen L, Fan F, Hong L, Chen J, Ji Y Z, Zhang S L, Zhu T, Chen L Q 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 F3164Google Scholar
[52] Zhang X, Krischok A, Linder C 2016 Comput. Method Appl. M. 312 51Google Scholar
[53] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 016110Google Scholar
[54] Zhao K, Pharr M, Cai S, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 S226Google Scholar
[55] Bower A F, Guduru P R, Sethuraman V A 2011 J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 59 804Google Scholar
[56] Walk A C, Huttin M, Kamlah M 2014 Eur. J. Mech. A.Solids 48 74Google Scholar
[57] Aranson I S, Kalatsky V A, Vinokur V M 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 118Google Scholar
[58] Marconi V I, Jagla E A 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036110Google Scholar
[59] Spatschek R, Muller-Gugenberger C, Brener E, Nestler B 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 066111Google Scholar
[60] Miehe C, Hofacker M, Welschinger F 2010 Comput. Method Appl. M. 199 2765Google Scholar
[61] Miehe C, Welschinger F, Hofacker M 2010 Mech. Phys. Solids 58 1716Google Scholar
[62] Hofacker M, Miehe C 2013 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 93 276Google Scholar
[63] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2010 Int. J. Solids Struct. 47 1424Google Scholar
[64] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2011 Int. J. Solids Struct. 48 2304Google Scholar
[65] Woodford W H, Chiang Y M, Carter W C 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A1052Google Scholar
[66] Zhu M, Park J, Sastry A M 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 A492Google Scholar
[67] Gao Y F, Zhou M 2013 J. Power Sources 230 176Google Scholar
[68] Klinsmann M, Rosato D, Kamlah M, McMeeking R M 2016 Mech. Phys. Solids 92 313Google Scholar
[69] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 073517Google Scholar
[70] Huttin M, Kamlah M 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 101 133902
[71] Liang L, Chen L Q 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 263903Google Scholar
[72] Miehe C, Dal H, Schänzel L M, Raina A 2016 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 106 683Google Scholar
[73] Zhao Y, Xu B X, Stein P, Gross D 2016 Comput. Method. Appl. M. 312 428Google Scholar
[74] Zhuang Y, Zou Z Y, Lu B, Li Y J, Wang D, Avdeev M, Shi S Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 068202Google Scholar
[75] Lu B, Ning C Q, Shi D X, Zhao Y F, Zhang J Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 026201Google Scholar
[76] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 3254Google Scholar
[77] Li Y, Hu S, Sun X, Stan M 2017 NPJ Comput. Mater. 3 1Google Scholar
[78] Yamaki J I, Tobishima S I, Hayashi K, Saito K, Nemoto Y, Arakawa M 1998 J. Power Sources 74 219Google Scholar
[79] Jana A, Woo S I, Vikrant K S N, García R E 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 3595Google Scholar
[80] Li G, Liu Z, Huang Q, Gao Y, Regula M, Wang D, Chen L Q, Wang D 2018 Nat. Energy 3 1076Google Scholar
[81] Li G, Liu Z, Wang D, He X, Liu S, Gao Y, AlZahrani A, Kim S H, Chen L Q, Wang D 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1900704Google Scholar
[82] Xu F D, Graff G L, Zhang i, Sushko M L, Chen X, Shao Y, Engelhard M H, Nie Z, Xiao J, Liu X, Sushko P V, Liu J, Zhang J G 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 4450Google Scholar
[83] Monroe C, Newman J 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A1377Google Scholar
[84] Shibuta Y, Okajima Y, Suzuki T 2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 511Google Scholar
[85] Okajima Y, Shibuta Y, Suzuki T 2010 Comput. Mater. Sci. 50 118Google Scholar
[86] Liang L, Qi Y, Xue F, Bhattacharya S, Harris S J, Chen L Q 2012 Phys. Rev. E 86 051609Google Scholar
[87] Chen L, Zhang H W, Liang L Y, Liu Z, Qi Y, Lu P, Chen J, Chen L Q 2015 J. Power Sources 300 376Google Scholar
[88] Tan J, Tartakovsky A M, Ferris K, Ryan E M 2016 J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 A318Google Scholar
[89] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 Electrochim. Acta 265 609Google Scholar
[90] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 MRS Commun. 8 1285Google Scholar
[91] Yan H H, Bie Y H, Cu X Y, Xiong G P, Chen L 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 161 193Google Scholar
[92] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 1737Google Scholar
[93] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 2466Google Scholar
[94] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1012Google Scholar
[95] Mu W, Liu X, Wen Z, Liu L 2019 J. Energy Storage 26 100921Google Scholar
[96] Zhang R, Shen X, Cheng X B, Zhang Q 2019 Energy Storage Mater. 23 556Google Scholar
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