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The laser probe is one of the main techniques for capturing ultrafast dynamic processes and has extensive applications in fields such as plasma physics, photochemistry, and biomedical science. In this work, a time-wavelength encoded optical probe generation scheme is proposed, which uses cascaded frequency doubling crystals with different phase-matching angles and independent delay lines to achieve time-wavelength encoding. This method offers single-shot high-spatiotemporal resolution, high frame rate, and a wide range of adjustable time windows. The temporal resolution of the optical probe depends on the pulse width of the second harmonic, which can be adjusted by changing the phase-matching angle of the frequency-doubling crystal. The time window of the optical probe is only related to the change in the delay line, which can be adjusted by changing the length of the delay line. Therefore, the time resolution and time window of the optical probe are independent of each other. An optical probe generation system is constructed with 247 fs temporal resolution, 4 μm spatial resolution, 4.05 THz maximal frame rate, and an adjustable time window from sub-picosecond to 3 ns. The three-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution process of plasma filaments is captured within a single shot by using the optical probe. The experimental results show that the ionization front of the plasma propagates forward at a velocity of
$ {\left(2.963\pm 0.024\right)\times 10}^{8}\;{\rm{m}}/{\rm{s}} $ , which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. This demonstrates the feasibility of using the probe for capturing ultrafast events. In the part of discussion, we analyze that the key parameters of the optical probe can reach a maximum frame rate of 35.7 THz, a maximum time resolution of 28 fs, and a time window range that can be adjusted from hundreds of femtoseconds to tens of nanoseconds. Finally, the optimal design parameters of the optical probe are given for different application scenarios. The optical probe generation scheme has good scalability and versatility, and can be combined with any wavelength decoding device, diffraction imaging, holographic imaging, tomography scanning, and other technologies. The high spatiotemporal resolution of the optical probe and the independent adjustability of its parameters provide a feasible solution for single-shot high spatiotemporal resolution captures of ultrafast dynamic processes on a multiple time scale.-
Keywords:
- single-shot /
- time-wavelength encoding /
- high spatiotemporal resolution /
- all-optical probe
[1] Buck A, Nicolai M, Schmid K, Sears C M S, Sävert A, Mikhailova J M, Krausz F, Kaluza M C, Veisz L 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 543
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[2] Daido H, Nishiuchi M, Pirozhkov A S 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 056401
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[3] Kodama R, Sentoku Y, Chen Z L, Kumar G R, Hatchett S P, Toyama Y, Cowan T E, Freeman R R, Fuchs J, Izawa Y, Key M H, Kitagawa Y, Kondo K, Matsuoka T, Nakamura H, Nakatsutsumi M, Norreys P A, Norimatsu T, Snavely R A, Stephens R B, Tampo M, Tanaka K A, Yabuuchi T 2004 Nature 432 1005
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[5] Labat M, Bielawski S, Loulergue A, Corde S, Couprie M E, Roussel E 2020 New J. Phys. 22 013051
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[6] Phillips K C, Gandhi H H, Mazur E, Sundaram S K 2015 Adv. Opt. Photonics 7 684
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[7] Irimiciuc S, Boidin R, Bulai G, Gurlui S, Nemec P, Nazabal V, Focsa C 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 418 594
Google Scholar
[8] Wu J, Wei W, Yang Z, Li X 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 2586
Google Scholar
[9] Luna H, Kavanagh K D, Costello J T 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 033302
Google Scholar
[10] Harvey-Thompson A J, Lebedev S V, Patankar S, Bland S N, Burdiak G, Chittenden J P, Colaitis A, De Grouchy P, Doyle H W, Hall G N, Khoory E, Hohenberger M, Pickworth L, Suzuki-Vidal F, Smith R A, Skidmore J, Suttle L, Swadling G F 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 145002
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Google Scholar
[13] Nakagawa K, Iwasaki A, Oishi Y, Horisaki R, Tsukamoto A, Nakamura A, Hirosawa K, Liao H, Ushida T, Goda K, Kannari F, Sakuma I 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 695
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[14] Sheinman M, Erramilli S, Ziegler L, Hong M K, Mertz J 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 577
Google Scholar
[15] Li Z, Zgadzaj R, Wang X, Chang Y Y, Downer M C 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3085
Google Scholar
[16] Yeola S, Kuk D, Kim K Y 2017 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 35 2822
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Google Scholar
[18] Moon J, Yoon S, Lim Y S, Choi W 2022 Opt. Express 28 4463
[19] Inoue T, Matsunaka A, Funahashi A, Okuda T, Nishio K, Awatsuji Y 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2069
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[25] Yu W, Sheng Z M, Feng X P, Xu Z H, Zhu J H, Wang G G 1993 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 1141
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[26] Kim D W, Xiao G Y, Ma G B 1997 Appl. Opt. 36 6788
Google Scholar
[27] Vogel A, Noack J, Hüttman G, Paltauf G 2005 Appl. Phys. B 81 1015
Google Scholar
[28] Monchoce S, Kahaly S, Leblanc A, Videau L, Combis P, Reau F, Garzella D, D’Oliveira P, Martin P, Quere F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 145008
Google Scholar
[29] Batani K, Aliverdiev A, Benocci R, Dezulian R, Amirova A, Krousky E, Pfeifer M, Skala J, Dudzak R, Nazarov W, Batani D 2021 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 9 e47
Google Scholar
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图 1 倍频脉冲波长和倍频晶体相位匹配角
$ \theta $ 的关系Figure 1. Relationship between the wavelength of second harmonic and the phase-matching angle
$ \theta $ of frequency-doubling crystal.
图 2 探针光产生装置原理图. HBS, 谐波分束器; DL, 延迟线; BS, 分束器
Figure 2. Schematic of the optical probe generating device. HBS, harmonic beam splitter; DL, delay line; BS, beam splitter.
图 3 实验装置 (a) 探针光产生装置 (BS, 分束镜; RM, 反射镜; HBS, 谐波分束镜; NDF, 中性密度衰减片; TS, 平移台; BC, 光束收集器; L1, 透镜; MO, 显微物镜); (b) 解码装置原理图(DOE, 衍射光学元件; IBPF, 干涉带通滤光片)
Figure 3. Experimental setup: (a) Optical probe generating setup (BS, beam splitter; RM, reflecting mirror; HBS, harmonic beam splitter; NDF, neutral density filter; TS, translation stage; BC, beam collector; L1, lens; MO, microscope objective); (b) schematic of decoding device (DOE, diffractive optical element; IBPF, interference bandpass filter).
图 4 (a) 探针光的光谱; (b) 中心波长为416.49 nm的倍频光的时域信息; (c) 示波器测量的最大时间窗口
Figure 4. (a) Spectra of the optical probe; (b) temporal information of the second harmonic with a central wavelength of 416.49 nm; (c) maximum time window measured by an oscilloscope.
图 5 飞秒激光诱导空气成丝的动力学过程 (a) 成像系统的空间分辨率; (b) 等离子体通道中部的动力学过程; (c) 不同发次的等离子体通道尾部的动力学过程
Figure 5. Dynamic process of femtosecond laser induced air filaments: (a) Spatial resolution of the imaging system; (b) dynamic process in the middle of the plasma channel; (c) dynamic process at the tail of the plasma channel on different shot.
图 6 倍频脉冲的时间分辨率(蓝线)、光谱带宽(红线)和倍频晶体厚度的关系
Figure 6. Relationship between temporal resolution (blue line), spectral bandwidth (red line) and thickness of frequency-doubling crystal.
图 7 探针光的时间窗口和倍频脉冲的光谱带宽的关系
Figure 7. Relationship between optimum time window of optical probe and spectral bandwidth of the second harmonic.
表 1 不同场景中探针光的最优参数
Table 1. Optimal design of optical probe parameters in different scenarios.
场景需求 倍频晶体
厚度/mm时间分
辨率/fs帧数 帧率/
GHz时间窗
口/ps超高帧率 0.1 28 4 35700 0.112 高帧率和
高帧数2.0 186 26 5370 4.8 大时间窗口 2.0 186 26 2.6 10000 
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[1] Buck A, Nicolai M, Schmid K, Sears C M S, Sävert A, Mikhailova J M, Krausz F, Kaluza M C, Veisz L 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 543
Google Scholar
[2] Daido H, Nishiuchi M, Pirozhkov A S 2012 Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 056401
Google Scholar
[3] Kodama R, Sentoku Y, Chen Z L, Kumar G R, Hatchett S P, Toyama Y, Cowan T E, Freeman R R, Fuchs J, Izawa Y, Key M H, Kitagawa Y, Kondo K, Matsuoka T, Nakamura H, Nakatsutsumi M, Norreys P A, Norimatsu T, Snavely R A, Stephens R B, Tampo M, Tanaka K A, Yabuuchi T 2004 Nature 432 1005
Google Scholar
[4] Kugland N L, Ryutov D D, Chang P Y, Drake R P, Fiksel G, Froula D H, Glenzer S H, Gregori G, Grosskopf M, Koenig M, Kuramitsu Y, Kuranz C, Levy M C, Liang E, Meinecke J, Miniati F, Morita T, Pelka A, Plechaty C, Presura R, Ravasio A, Remington B A, Reville B, Ross J S, Sakawa Y, Spitkovsky A, Takabe H, Park H S 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 809
Google Scholar
[5] Labat M, Bielawski S, Loulergue A, Corde S, Couprie M E, Roussel E 2020 New J. Phys. 22 013051
Google Scholar
[6] Phillips K C, Gandhi H H, Mazur E, Sundaram S K 2015 Adv. Opt. Photonics 7 684
Google Scholar
[7] Irimiciuc S, Boidin R, Bulai G, Gurlui S, Nemec P, Nazabal V, Focsa C 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 418 594
Google Scholar
[8] Wu J, Wei W, Yang Z, Li X 2014 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 42 2586
Google Scholar
[9] Luna H, Kavanagh K D, Costello J T 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 033302
Google Scholar
[10] Harvey-Thompson A J, Lebedev S V, Patankar S, Bland S N, Burdiak G, Chittenden J P, Colaitis A, De Grouchy P, Doyle H W, Hall G N, Khoory E, Hohenberger M, Pickworth L, Suzuki-Vidal F, Smith R A, Skidmore J, Suttle L, Swadling G F 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 145002
Google Scholar
[11] Matlis N H, Reed S, Bulanov S S, Chvykov V, Kalintchenko G, Matsuoka T, Rousseau P, Yanovsky V, Maksimchuk A, Kalmykov S, Shvets G, Downer M C 2006 Nat. Phys. 2 749
Google Scholar
[12] Lu Y, Wong T T W, Chen F, Wang L D 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 193904
Google Scholar
[13] Nakagawa K, Iwasaki A, Oishi Y, Horisaki R, Tsukamoto A, Nakamura A, Hirosawa K, Liao H, Ushida T, Goda K, Kannari F, Sakuma I 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 695
Google Scholar
[14] Sheinman M, Erramilli S, Ziegler L, Hong M K, Mertz J 2022 Opt. Lett. 47 577
Google Scholar
[15] Li Z, Zgadzaj R, Wang X, Chang Y Y, Downer M C 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 3085
Google Scholar
[16] Yeola S, Kuk D, Kim K Y 2017 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 35 2822
[17] Ehn A, Bood J, Li Z, Berrocal E, Alden M, Kristensson E 2017 Light-Sci. Appl. 6 e17045
Google Scholar
[18] Moon J, Yoon S, Lim Y S, Choi W 2022 Opt. Express 28 4463
[19] Inoue T, Matsunaka A, Funahashi A, Okuda T, Nishio K, Awatsuji Y 2019 Opt. Lett. 44 2069
Google Scholar
[20] Davidson Z E, Gonzalez-Izquierdo B, Higginson A, Lancaster K L, Williamson S D R, King M, Farley D, Neely D, McKenna P, Gray R J 2019 Opt. Express 27 4416
Google Scholar
[21] Kato K 1986 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 22 1013
Google Scholar
[22] Nagy T, Simon P 2009 Opt. Express 17 8144
Google Scholar
[23] Zhu J, Xie X, Sun M, Kang J, Yang Q, Guo A, Zhu H, Zhu P, Gao Q, Liang X, Cui Z, Yang S, Zhang C, Lin Z 2018 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 6 e29
Google Scholar
[24] Gabolde P, Trebino R 2008 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 25 A25
Google Scholar
[25] Yu W, Sheng Z M, Feng X P, Xu Z H, Zhu J H, Wang G G 1993 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 26 1141
Google Scholar
[26] Kim D W, Xiao G Y, Ma G B 1997 Appl. Opt. 36 6788
Google Scholar
[27] Vogel A, Noack J, Hüttman G, Paltauf G 2005 Appl. Phys. B 81 1015
Google Scholar
[28] Monchoce S, Kahaly S, Leblanc A, Videau L, Combis P, Reau F, Garzella D, D’Oliveira P, Martin P, Quere F 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 145008
Google Scholar
[29] Batani K, Aliverdiev A, Benocci R, Dezulian R, Amirova A, Krousky E, Pfeifer M, Skala J, Dudzak R, Nazarov W, Batani D 2021 High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 9 e47
Google Scholar
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