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As a key part of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), active region will seriously affect the threshold and efficiency of the device. To obtain the appropriate laser wavelength and material gain, the design of In0.18Ga0.82As strain compensated quantum well is optimized. The relationship between the lasing wavelength of multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and the thickness is calculated. Considering the influence between the active region temperature and the lasing wavelength, the thickness of the quantum well is chosen as 6 nm, and the quantum barrier thickness is chosen as 8 nm, corresponding to the lasing wavelength of 929 nm. The material gain characteristics of the MQWs at different temperatures are simulated by Rsoft. The material gain exceeds 3300/cm at 300 K, and the temperature drift coefficient of the peak wavelength is 0.3 nm/K. In this work, Al0.09Ga0.91As and Al0.89Ga0.11As are chosen as the high- and the low-refractive index material of distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), and 20 nm graded layer is inserted between two types of materials. The influence of the graded layer thickness of DBR on the valence band barrier and reflection spectrum are calculated and analyzed. The increase of graded layer thickness can lead the band barrier peak and the reflection spectrum bandwidth to decrease. The reflection spectrum and phase spectrum of P-DBR and N-DBR are calculated by the transmission matrix mode (TMM): the reflectance of DBR is over 99% and the phase shift is zero at 940 nm. The optical field distribution of the whole VCSEL structure is simulated, in which the standing wave peak overlaps with the active region, and the maximum gain can be obtained. Using the finite element method (FEM), the effect of oxidation confined layer on the injection current is simulated. The current in the active region is effectively limited to the position corresponding to the oxidation confined hole, and its current density is stronger and more uniform. The optical field distributions in different modes of photonic crystal-vertical cavity surface emitting laser (PC-VCSEL) are simulated, and different modes have different resonant wavelengths. The values of quality factor Q in different modes of VCSEL and PC-VCSEL are calculated, Q of the fundamental mode is higher than that of higher transverse mode. It is demonstrated that the photonic crystal air hole structure can realize the output of basic transverse mode by increasing the loss of high order transverse mode. The VCSEL and PC-VCSEL with oxidation hole size of 22 μm are successfully fabricated, in which the photonic crystal period is 5 μm, the air pore diameter is 2.5 μm, and the etching depth is 2 μm. Under continuous current test, the maximum slope efficiency of VCSEL is 0.66 mW/mA, the output power is 9.3 mW at 22 mA, and the lasing wavelength is 948.64 nm at 20 mA injection current. Multiple wavelengths and large spectrum width are observed in the spectrum of VSCEL, which is an obvious multi-transverse mode. The maximum fundamental transverse mode output of PC-VCSEL reaches 2.55 mW, the side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is more than 25 dB, and the spectrum width is less than 0.2 nm, indicating that the photonic crystal air hole has a strong control effect on the transverse mode, and the laser wavelength is 946.4 nm at 17 mA.
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Keywords:
- vertical cavity surface emitting laser /
- photonic crystal-vertical cavity surface emitting laser /
- fundamental transverse mode /
- high power
[1] 于洪岩, 尧舜, 张红梅, 王青, 张扬, 周广正, 吕朝晨, 程立文, 郎陆广, 夏宇, 周天宝, 康联鸿, 王智勇, 董国亮 2019 68 064207
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Cheng L H, Yang G W, Liu Y X 2020 Chin. J. Lasers 47 0500001
Google Scholar
[3] 张继业, 李雪, 张建伟, 宁永强, 王立军 2020 发光学报 41 1443
Google Scholar
Zhang J Y, Li X, Zhang J W, Ning Y Q, Wang L J 2020 Chin. J. Lumin. 41 1443
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[7] 刘安金 2020 中国激光 47 0701005
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[14] Wang Q H, Xie Y Y, Xu C, Pan G Z, Dong Y B 2020 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics San Jose, USA, May 10–15, 2020 p2021-03-02
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Pan Z P, Li W, Lü J G, Wang Z N, Chang J Y, Liu S P, Zhong L, Ma X Y 2023 Chin. J. Lasers 50 0701007
[18] 李鹏飞, 邓军, 陈永远, 杨立鹏, 吴波, 徐晨 2013 半导体光电 34 190
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Xun X X, Deng J, Li J J, Zang L Y, Ren K B, Feng Y Y, He X, Song Z, Nie X 2022 Semicond. Optoelectron. 43 332
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[20] Qiao P F, Cook K T, Li K, Chang-Hasnain C J 2017 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23 1700516
[21] Huffaker D L, Deppe D G, Kumar K 1994 Appl. Phys. lett. 65 97
Google Scholar
[22] Choquette K D, Geib K M, Chui H C, Hammons B E, Hou H Q, Drummond T J, Hull R 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1385
Google Scholar
[23] Qi Y Y, Li W, Liu S P, Ma X Y 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 126 193101
Google Scholar
[24] 潘智鹏, 李伟, 戚宇轩, 吕家纲, 刘素平, 仲莉, 马骁宇 2022 光学学报 42 1414002
Pan Z P, Li W, Qi YY, Lv J G, Liu S P, Zhong L, Ma X Y 2022 Acta Opt. Sin. 42 1414002
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图 1 不同量子阱宽和量子垒宽对应的激射波长
Figure 1. Lasing wavelength under different quantum well widths and barrier widths.
图 2 不同温度下的材料增益特性
Figure 2. Material gain spectra at different temperatures.
图 3 不同渐变层厚度下的DBR价带图
Figure 3. Valence-band diagram of DBR under different gradient layer thickness.
图 4 不同渐变层厚度下的DBR反射谱
Figure 4. DBR reflection spectrum under different gradient layer thickness.
图 5 P-DBR和N-DBR的反射谱和相移谱
Figure 5. Reflection spectrum and phase shift spectrum of P-DBR and N-DBR.
图 6 VCSEL的折射率及归一化电场强度分布
Figure 6. Refractive index and normalized electric field distribution of VCSEL.
图 7 电流分布及光场分布
Figure 7. Current distribution and light field distribution.
图 8 PC-VCSL的不同模式 (a) 基横模, 谐振波长为937.25 nm; (b) 一阶横模, 谐振波长为936.84 nm; (c) 二阶横模, 谐振波长为936.14 nm
Figure 8. Different modes of PC-VCSEL: (a) The fundamental transverse mode with resonant wavelength of 937.25 nm; (b) the first order transverse mode with resonant wavelength of 936.84 nm; (c) the second order transverse mode with resonant wavelength of 936.14 nm.
图 9 VCSEL外延结构 (a) 电致发光谱; (b) 白光反射谱
Figure 9. (a) EL spectrum and (b) white light reflection spectrum of VCSEL epitaxial structure.
图 10 PC-VCSEL工艺流程
Figure 10. PC-VCSEL process flow.
图 11 (a) VCSEL显微镜照片; (b) PC-VCSEL显微镜照片
Figure 11. Microscope images of (a) VCSEL and (b) PC-VCSEL.
图 12 VCSEL单管 (a) L-I-V测试; (b) 光谱测试
Figure 12. VCSEL single-emitter: (a) L-I-V test curves; (b) spectrum test results.
图 13 PC-VCSEL (a) L-I-V测试; (b) 光谱测试
Figure 13. PC-VCSEL: (a) L-I-V test curves; (b) spectrum test results.
表 1 不同结构下各个模式对应的品质因子
Table 1. The quality factor of each mode under different structure.
基横模 一阶横模 二阶横模 PC-VCSEL 6238 2646 1373 VCSEL 10614 10612 10602 
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[1] 于洪岩, 尧舜, 张红梅, 王青, 张扬, 周广正, 吕朝晨, 程立文, 郎陆广, 夏宇, 周天宝, 康联鸿, 王智勇, 董国亮 2019 68 064207
Google Scholar
Yu H Y, Yao S, Zhang H M, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zhou G Z, Lü Z C, Cheng L W, Lang L G, Xia Y, Zhou T B, Kang L H, Wang Z Y, Dong G L 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 064207
Google Scholar
[2] 陈良惠, 杨国文, 刘育衔 2020 中国激光 47 0500001
Google Scholar
Cheng L H, Yang G W, Liu Y X 2020 Chin. J. Lasers 47 0500001
Google Scholar
[3] 张继业, 李雪, 张建伟, 宁永强, 王立军 2020 发光学报 41 1443
Google Scholar
Zhang J Y, Li X, Zhang J W, Ning Y Q, Wang L J 2020 Chin. J. Lumin. 41 1443
Google Scholar
[4] Warren M E, Podva D, Dacha P, Block M K, Helms C J, Maynard J 2018 Conference on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers XXII San Francisco, USA, January 31–February 1, 2018 pUNSP 105520 E
[5] Xun M, Pan G, Zhao Z, Sun Y, Yang C, Kan Q, Zhou J, Wu D 2021 IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 68 158
Google Scholar
[6] Khan Z, Ledentsov N, Chorchos L, Shih J C, Chang Y H, Ledentsov N N, Shi J W 2020 IEEE Access 8 72095
Google Scholar
[7] 刘安金 2020 中国激光 47 0701005
Google Scholar
Liu A J 2020 Chin. J. Lasers 47 0701005
Google Scholar
[8] Liu A J, Wolf P, Lott J A, Bimberg D 2019 Photonics Res. 7 02000121
Google Scholar
[9] 王翔媛, 崔碧峰, 李彩芳, 许建荣, 王豪杰 2021 激光与光电子学进展 58 0700008
Google Scholar
Wang X Y, Cui B F, Li C F, Xu J R, Wang H J 2021 Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 58 0700008
Google Scholar
[10] Unold H J, Golling M, Michalzik R, Supper D, Ebeling K J 2001 27 th European Conference on Optical Communication Amsterdam, Netherlands, Setember 30–October 4, 2001 p520
[11] Siriani D F, Leisher P O, Choquette K D 2009 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 45 762
Google Scholar
[12] Fryslie S T M, Gao Z H, Dave H, Thompson B J, Lakomy K, Lin S Y, Decker P J, McElfresh D K, Schutt-Aine J E, Choquette K D 2017 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23 1700409
Google Scholar
[13] Xie Y Y, Kan Q, Xu C, Xu K, Chen H D 2017 Chin. Phys. B. 26 014203
Google Scholar
[14] Wang Q H, Xie Y Y, Xu C, Pan G Z, Dong Y B 2020 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics San Jose, USA, May 10–15, 2020 p2021-03-02
[15] Ren Q H, Wang J, Yang M, Wang H J, Cheng Z, Huang Y Q 2020 Quantum Electron. 50 714
Google Scholar
[16] 晏长岭, 秦莉, 宁永强, 张淑敏, 王青, 赵路民, 刘云, 王立军, 钟景昌 2004 激光杂志 25 29
Google Scholar
Yan C L, Qin L, Ning Y Q, Zhang S M, Wang Q, Zhao L M, Liu Y, Wang L J, Zhong J C 2004 Laser J. 25 29
Google Scholar
[17] 潘智鹏, 李伟, 吕家纲, 王振诺, 常津源, 刘素平, 仲莉, 马骁宇 2023 中国激光 50 0701007
Pan Z P, Li W, Lü J G, Wang Z N, Chang J Y, Liu S P, Zhong L, Ma X Y 2023 Chin. J. Lasers 50 0701007
[18] 李鹏飞, 邓军, 陈永远, 杨立鹏, 吴波, 徐晨 2013 半导体光电 34 190
Google Scholar
Li P F, Deng J, Chen Y Y, Yang L P, Wu B, Xu C 2013 Semicond. Optoelectron. 34 190
Google Scholar
[19] 许晓芳, 邓军, 李建军, 张令宇, 任凯兵, 冯媛媛, 贺鑫, 宋钊, 聂祥 2022 半导体光电 43 332
Google Scholar
Xun X X, Deng J, Li J J, Zang L Y, Ren K B, Feng Y Y, He X, Song Z, Nie X 2022 Semicond. Optoelectron. 43 332
Google Scholar
[20] Qiao P F, Cook K T, Li K, Chang-Hasnain C J 2017 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23 1700516
[21] Huffaker D L, Deppe D G, Kumar K 1994 Appl. Phys. lett. 65 97
Google Scholar
[22] Choquette K D, Geib K M, Chui H C, Hammons B E, Hou H Q, Drummond T J, Hull R 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 1385
Google Scholar
[23] Qi Y Y, Li W, Liu S P, Ma X Y 2019 J. Appl. Phys. 126 193101
Google Scholar
[24] 潘智鹏, 李伟, 戚宇轩, 吕家纲, 刘素平, 仲莉, 马骁宇 2022 光学学报 42 1414002
Pan Z P, Li W, Qi YY, Lv J G, Liu S P, Zhong L, Ma X Y 2022 Acta Opt. Sin. 42 1414002
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