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With their excellent photoelectric properties, perovskite solar cells have become the most promising photovoltaic devices in recent years. However, owing to defects and energy level misalignment, the non-radiative recombination loss of the perovskite solar cell will increase, which hinders the its efficiency and operational stability from being improved further. Therefore, it is very important to reduce the loss caused by energy level misalignment for realizing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, perovskite solar cell with dual electron transport layer (ETL) is studied in this work. The dual-layer structure forms a stepped conduction band structure to reduce the conduction band offset between the active layer and the transport layer, which reduces the interface recombination between the two structures and improves device performance. In addition, the influences of the defect density on the cell performance for the two ETL structures are also discussed. With the continuous increase of the defect density, the performance of the single-layer structure decreases more obviously. While the dual ETL structure can alleviate the performance dependence on the defect density in comparison with the single ETL structure. Therefore, the use of dual ETL can improve the performance of perovskite solar cells and defect tolerance, which provides guidance for designing high-performance solar cells.
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Keywords:
- perovskite solar cell /
- double electron transport layer /
- interface recombination /
- defect density
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图 1 (a) 单双层ETL结构示意图; (b) 双层ETL结构能级示意图
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of single and double ETL structures; (b) diagram of energy level of double ETL structure.
图 2 (a) 不同亲和能情况下的J-V曲线图; (b) CBO和
$ \varPhi $ 示意图Figure 2. (a) J-V curves under different affinities; (b) schematic diagram of CBO and
$ \varPhi $ .
图 3 改变
$ \varPhi $ 对电池性能的影响 (a) J-V曲线; (b) 能级分布图; (c) 活性层中的电子分布图; (d) 活性层中的空穴分布图Figure 3. Influence of changing
$ \varPhi $ on battery performance: (a) J-V curves; (b) energy level distribution diagrams; (c) electron distribution in the active layer; (d) hole distribution in the active layer.
图 4 (a) 悬崖势垒的示意图; (b) 活性层与ETL界面复合电流随Ea变化
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of cliff barrier; (b) recombination current at the interface between the active layer and electron transport layer varies with Ea.
图 5 单层ETL与双层ETL结构的J-V曲线对比
Figure 5. J-V curve comparison of single and double ETL structure.
图 6 (a) TiO2层亲和能的变化; (b) Voc, FF与PCE随TiO2层亲和能的变化
Figure 6. (a) Change of the affinity for TiO2 layer; (b) change of the affinity for Voc, FF and PCE with the TiO2 layer.
图 7 不同界面缺陷态密度情况下钙钛矿太阳能电池J-V曲线 (a) 双层ETL; (b) 单层ETL
Figure 7. J-V curve of perovskite solar cell under different interface defect densities: (a) Double ETL; (b) single ETL
图 8 单层ETL和双层ETL结构下的电子浓度分布
Figure 8. Electron concentration distribution diagram under single and double ETL structure.
图 9 活性层缺陷态密度对单层和双层ETL结构性能影响对比
Figure 9. Effect comparison of the active layer defect density of states on the performance of the single and double ETL structures.
表 1 仿真结构中材料参数
Table 1. Simulation structure parameters.
Layer properties Spiro-OMeTAD CH3NH3PbI3 SnO2 TiO2 厚度 L/nm 350[25] 400[26] 50[27] 50[27] 电子亲和能 χ/eV 3.0[25] 3.9[26] 4.5[23] 4.2[23] 介电常数 εr 3.0[25] 6.5[26] 9.0[27] 9.0[27] 禁带宽度 Eg/eV 2.2[25] 1.5[26] 4.0[23] 3.6[23] 受主掺杂浓度 NA/cm–3 1.0 × 1018[25] 5.21 × 109[26] 0[27] 0[27] 施主掺杂浓度 ND/cm–3 0[25] 5.21 × 109[26] 1.0 × 1018[27] 1.0 × 1018[27] 电子迁移率 μn/(cm2·V–1·s–1) 2.0 × 10–4[25] 20[26] 20[27] 20[27] 空穴迁移率 μp/(cm2·V–1·s–1) 2.0 × 10–4[25] 20[26] 10[27] 10[27] 缺陷态密度 Nt/cm–3 1.0 × 1013[25] 2.5 × 1013[26] 1.0 × 1015[27] 1.0 × 1015[27] 导带有效密度 Nc/cm–3 2.2 × 1018[25] 2.2 × 1018[26] 2.2 × 1018[28] 2.2 × 1018[28] 价带有效密度 Nv/cm–3 1.8 × 1019[25] 1.8 × 1019[26] 1.8 × 1019[28] 1.8 × 1019[28] 
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[1] Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
Google Scholar
[2] Akkerman Q A, Raino G, Kovalenko M V, Manna L 2018 Nat. Mater 17 394
Google Scholar
[3] Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
Google Scholar
[4] Mazzarella L, Lin Y H, Kirner S, et al. 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 14
Google Scholar
[5] Kim M, Jeong J, Lu H Z, et al. 2022 Science 375 302
Google Scholar
[6] Jena A K, Kulkarni A, Miyasaka T 2019 Chem. Rev. 119 3036
Google Scholar
[7] Kim J Y, Lee J W, Jung H S, Shin H, Park N G 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 7867
Google Scholar
[8] Ma S, Cai M L, Cheng T, Ding X H, Shi X Q, Alsaedi A, Hayat T, Ding Y, Tan Z, Dai S Y 2018 Sci. China Mater. 61 1257
Google Scholar
[9] Shi P, Ding Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Arain Z, Cai M, Ren Y, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Dai S 2019 Sci. China Mater. 62 1846
Google Scholar
[10] Shi X Q, Chen J Q, Wu Y H, Cai M L, Shi P J, Ma S, Liu C, Liu X P, Dai S Y 2020 ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8 4267
Google Scholar
[11] Bi D Q, Yi C Y, Luo J S, Decoppet J D, Zhang F, Zakeeruddin S M, Li X, Hagfeldt A, Gratzel M 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16142
Google Scholar
[12] Shubham, Raghvendra, Pathak C, Pandey S K 2020 IEEE Trans. Electro. Dev. 67 2837
Google Scholar
[13] Son D Y, Lee J W, Choi Y J, Jang I H, Lee S, Yoo P J, Shin H, Ahn N, Choi M, Kim D, Park N G 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16081
Google Scholar
[14] Zheng X P, Chen B, Dai J, Fang Y J, Bai Y, Lin Y Z, Wei H T, Zeng X C, Huang J S 2017 Nat. Energy 2 17102
Google Scholar
[15] Kim G W, Kang G, Kim J, Lee G Y, Kim H I, Pyeon L, Lee J, Park T 2016 Energ. Environ. Sci. 9 2326
Google Scholar
[16] Liu M Z, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
Google Scholar
[17] 甘永进, 蒋曲博, 覃斌毅, 毕雪光, 李清流 2021 70 038801
Google Scholar
Gan Y J, Jiang Q B, Qin B Y, Bi X G, Li Q L 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 038801
Google Scholar
[18] Gao Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, Chen C, Shen X, Bai X, Shi Z, Yu W W, Dai Q, Zhang Y 2019 Solar RRL 3 1900314
Google Scholar
[19] Li N, Yan J, Ai Y, Jiang E, Lin L, Shou C, Yan B, Sheng J, Ye J 2019 Sci. China Mater. 63 207
Google Scholar
[20] Shi X, Tao Y, Li Z, Peng H, Cai M, Liu X, Zhang Z, Dai S 2021 Sci. China Mater. 64 1858
Google Scholar
[21] 丁雄傑, 倪露, 马圣博, 马英壮, 肖立新, 陈志坚 2015 64 038802
Google Scholar
Ding X J, Ni L, Ma S B, Ma Y Z, Xiao L X, Chen Z J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038802
Google Scholar
[22] Wang D, Wu C, Luo W, Guo X, Qu B, Xiao L, Chen Z 2018 Acs Appl. Energ. Mater. 1 2215
Google Scholar
[23] Wang Y, Duan C, Zhang X, Rujisamphan N, Liu Y, Li Y, Yuan J, Ma W 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 12 31659
Google Scholar
[24] Ren X, Wang Z, Sha W E I, Choy W C H 2017 ACS Photonics 4 934
Google Scholar
[25] Singh N, Agarwal A, Agarwal M 2021 Superlattice. Microst 149 106750
Google Scholar
[26] Azri F, Meftah A, Sengouga N, Meftah A 2019 Solar Energy 181 372
Google Scholar
[27] Ahmed S, Jannat F, Khan M A K, Alim M A 2021 Optik 225 165765
Google Scholar
[28] Tan K, Lin P, Wang G, Liu Y, Xu Z C, Lin Y X 2016 Solid State Electron 126 75
Google Scholar
[29] Zhao P, Lin Z H, Wang J P, Yue M, Su J, Zhang J C, Chang J J, Hao Y 2019 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2 4504
Google Scholar
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