Research progress of interface passivation of n-i-p perovskite solar cells

Li Xiao-Guo; Zhang Xin; Shi Ze-Jiao; Zhang Hai-Juan; Zhu Cheng-Jun; Zhan Yi-Qiang

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190468

Abstract

In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have aroused the interest of a large number of researchers due to the advantages of large optical absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap and easy fabrication. Recently, the power conversion efficiency of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells has been enhanced to more than 23% in laboratory. In solution processed perovskite solar cells, perovskite and charge transport layer are stacked together, due to the different crystallization rates leading to lattice mismatch near the surface region of perovskite film, resulting in a lot of interface defects, especially at the interface between perovskite and charge transport layer. What is more, the photo-induced free carriers must transfer across the interfaces to be collected. But the defects near the interface can trap photogeneration electrons, thus reducing the carrier lifetime and causing the charges to be recombined, which greatly influence the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells. Therefore, reducing and passivating these defects is critical for obtaining the high performance perovskite solar cells. Now, there have been made tremendous efforts devoting to advancing passivation techniques, such as doping and surface modification, for high efficiency perovskite solar cell with improved stability and reduced hysteresis. These approaches also contribute to improving the energy band alignment between carrier transport layers and perovskite absorber improving device performance, or resistance moisture to enhance device stability. In this review we mainly introduce the formation and the effect of defects on perovskite solar cells, analyze the mechanism for passivating the interfacial defects between charge transport layer and perovskite photo absorption layer for different materials, compare the effects of different passivation materials on the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells, and summarize the role of these materials in passivating the defects. Finally we discuss the research trend and development direction of passivation defects in perovskite solar cells.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Photovoltaic Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
2.
Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
3.
School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

Corresponding author: Zhu Cheng-Jun, cjzhu@imu.edu.cn ; Zhan Yi-Qiang, yqzhan@fudan.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11564027).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 钙钛矿晶体结构示意图

Figure 1. Structure diagram of perovskite crystal.

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图 2 晶体缺陷类型^[16]　(a)完美晶体结构; (b)空位缺陷; (c)间隙缺陷; (d)反位替代缺陷; (e)替位杂质缺陷; (f)间隙杂质缺陷

Figure 2. Types of crystal defects^[16]: (a) perfect lattice; (b) vacancy defects; (c) interstitial defects; (d) antisite substitution defects; (e) substitutional impurity; (f) interstitial impurity.

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图 3 (a) KCl钝化缺陷原理图^[42]; (b)磺酸钾钝化缺陷示意图^[45]; (c) APTES钝化缺陷原理图^[46]; (d) DA钝化缺陷原理图^[48]; (e) HS的结构式^[49]; (f) HOCO-R-NH₃⁺在界面处的结构^[50]

Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of KCl passivation defects^[42]; (b) schematic diagram of potassium xanthate passivation defects^[45]; (c) schematic diagram of APTES passivation PSCs interface defects^[46]; (d) schematic diagram of DA passivation PSCs interface defects^[48]; (e) diagram structure of HS^[49]; (f) structure of HOCO-R-NH₃⁺ at interface^[50].

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图 4 (a)钙钛矿表面电子陷阱的产生^[54]; (b)吡啶缺陷钝化原理图^[54]; (c)碘五氟苯与卤素阴离子之间卤素键作用的示意图^[47]; (d) TPA掺杂钙钛矿器件的I-V曲线, 插图为TPA钝化原理图以及钙钛矿薄膜的SEM图^[66]

Figure 4. (a) Formation of perovskite surface traps^[54]; (b) schematic diagram of pyridine passivation defects^[54]; (c) schematic of the halogen bond interaction between the IPFB and halogen anion^[47]; (d) I-V curves of TAP-doped perovskite devices, illustrated diagrams is TAP passivation schematic and SEM of perovskite films^[66].

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图 5 所有钝化方法以及钝化的机理的总结

Figure 5. Summary of all passivation methods and passivation mechanism.

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表 1 钝化和不钝化ETL/Perovskite界面钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能

Table 1. Performance of perovskite solar cells with and without passivation on ETL/Perovskite interface.

Interface to be modified	Modifier		V_oc/V	J_sc/mA·cm^–2	FF	PCE/%	文献
SnO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	LiF	W	1.15	21.62	0.73	18.33	[27]
SnO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	LiF	W/O	1.08	20.40	0.71	15.60	[27]
SnO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	KCl	W	1.12	21.82	0.79	19.44	[42]
SnO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	KCl	W/O	1.08	21.59	0.76	18.12	[42]
TiO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	CsBr	W	1.06	20.70	0.75	16.30	[44]
TiO₂/MAPbI_xCl_3–x	CsBr	W/O	0.99	18.70	0.69	13.10	[44]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	Xanthate	W	1.06	22.61	0.70	18.41	[45]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	Xanthate	W/O	1.03	21.74	0.73	16.56	[45]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	APTES SAM	W	1.06	20.84	0.66	14.69	[46]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	APTES SAM	W/O	1.16	21.23	0.69	17.03	[46]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	DA SAM	W	1.05	21.80	0.73	16.87	[48]
SnO₂/MAPbI₃	DA SAM	W/O	1.04	19.96	0.67	14.05	[48]
TiO₂/MAPbI₃	Li-TiO₂	W	1.03	23.91	0.74	18.25	[52]
TiO₂/MAPbI₃	Li-TiO₂	W/O	1.01	22.46	0.69	15.64	[52]
TiO₂/MAPbI₃	HS	W	1.11	23.34	0.77	20.10	[49]
TiO₂/MAPbI₃	HS	W/O	1.09	21.29	0.74	17.20	[49]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	GABAH⁺I^–	W	1.00	19.20	0.62	12.00	[50]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	GABAH⁺I^–	W/O	—	—	—	8.00	[50]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	LA	W	0.99	22.40	0.64	14.22	[51]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	LA	W/O	0.95	17.08	0.66	10.76	[51]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	GnPs	W	1.00	23.67	0.69	15.14	[41]
TiO2/MAPbI₃	GnPs	W/O	0.97	22.33	0.80	19.23	[41]

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表 2 钝化和不钝化Perovskite/HTL钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能

Table 2. Performance of perovskite solar cells with and without passivation on Perovskite/HTL interface.

Interface to be modified	Modifier		V_oc/V	J_sc/mA·cm^–2	FF	PCE/%	文献
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	IPFB	W	1.06	23.38	0.67	15.70	[47]
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	IPFB	W/O	1.02	23.80	0.57	13.00	[47]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	GO	W	1.03	20.00	0.72	14.50	[59]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	GO	W/O	0.93	18.50	0.64	10.00	[59]
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	Thiophene	W	0.95	20.70	0.68	13.10	[54]
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	Thiophene	W/O	1.02	21.30	0.68	15.30	[54]
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	Pyridine	W	0.95	20.70	0.68	13.10	[54]
MAPbI_xCl_3–x/Spiro-OMeTAD	Pyridine	W/O	1.05	24.10	0.72	16.50	[54]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	V-pyridine	W	1.15	22.00	0.73	9.50	[55]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	V-pyridine	W/O	0.80	19.20	0.63	18.50	[55]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	F4TCNQ	W	1.04	19.40	0.70	15.30	[56]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	F4TCNQ	W/O	1.06	20.30	0.75	18.10	[56]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	ZnPc	W	1.09	23.23	0.77	19.56	[65]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	ZnPc	W/O	1.08	22.93	0.76	18.83	[65]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	TAP	W	1.05	23.49	0.75	18.51	[66]
MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD	TAP	W/O	0.99	22.09	0.71	15.53	[66]

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[1]	Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050 Google Scholar
[2]	NREL https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-reserch-cell-efficiencies.pdf [2019-03-31]
[3]	Christians J A, Schulz P, Tinkham J S, Schloemer T H, Harvey S P, Tremolet de Villers B J, Sellinger A, Berry J J, Luther J M 2018 Nat. Energy 3 68 Google Scholar
[4]	Wu Y, Xie F, Chen H, Yang X, Su H, Cai M, Zhou Z, Noda T, Han L 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1701073 Google Scholar
[5]	Lin Y, Bai Y, Fang Y, Chen Z, Yang S, Zheng X, Tang S, Liu Y, Zhao J, Huang J 2018 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9 654 Google Scholar
[6]	Ball J M, Petrozza A 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16149 Google Scholar
[7]	Meggiolaro D, Mosconi E, De Angelis F 2017 ACS Energy Lett. 2 2794 Google Scholar
[8]	Kieslich G, Sun S, Cheetham A K 2014 Chem. Sci. 5 4712 Google Scholar
[9]	Travis W, Glover E N K, Bronstein H, Scanlon D O, Palgrave R G 2016 Chem. Sci. 7 4548 Google Scholar
[10]	Cai B, Xing Y, Yang Z, Zhang W H, Qiu J 2013 Energy Environ. Sci. 6 1480 Google Scholar
[11]	Xing G, Mathews N, Lim S S, Yantara N, Liu X, Sabba D, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 476 Google Scholar
[12]	Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341 Google Scholar
[13]	Chen B, Bai Y, Yu Z, Li T, Zheng X, Dong Q, Shen L, Boccard M, Gruverman A, Holman Z, Huang J 2016 Adv. Energy Mater. 6 1601128 Google Scholar
[14]	Sahli F, Werner J, Kamino B A, et al. 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 820 Google Scholar
[15]	Bush K A, Palmstrom A F, Yu Z J, et al. 2017 Nat. Energy 2 17009 Google Scholar
[16]	Li B, Ferguson V, Silva S R P, Zhang W 2018 Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5 1800326 Google Scholar
[17]	Liu N, Yam C 2018 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20 6800 Google Scholar
[18]	Yin W J, Shi T, Yan Y 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 063903 Google Scholar
[19]	Li W, Liu J, Bai F Q, Zhang H X, Prezhdo O V 2017 ACS Energy Lett. 2 1270 Google Scholar
[20]	Xiao Z, Yuan Y, Wang Q, Shao Y, Bai Y, Deng Y, Dong Q, Hu M, Bi C, Huang J 2016 Materials Science and Engineering R 101 1 Google Scholar
[21]	Sherkar T S, Momblona C, Gil-Escrig L, Ávila J, Sessolo M, Bolink H J, Koster L J A 2017 ACS Energy Lett. 2 1214 Google Scholar
[22]	Queisser H J, Haller E E 1998 Science 281 945 Google Scholar
[23]	Shao Y, Xiao Z, Bi C, Yuan Y, Huang J 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 5784 Google Scholar
[24]	Collins J 2015 ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 5 R3170
[25]	Ran C, Xu J, Gao W, Huang C, Dou S 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 4581 Google Scholar
[26]	Conwell E, Weisskopf V F 1950 Phys. Rev. 77 388 Google Scholar
[27]	Yuan S, Wang J, Yang K, Wang P, Zhang X, Zhan Y, Zheng L 2018 Nanoscale 10 18909 Google Scholar
[28]	Hou Y, Chen W, Baran D, Stubhan T, Luechinger N A, Hartmeier B, Richter M, Min J, Chen S, Quiroz C O, Li N, Zhang H, Heumueller T, Matt G J, Osvet A, Forberich K, Zhang Z G, Li Y, Winter B, Schweizer P, Spiecker E, Brabec C J 2016 Adv. Mater. 28 5112 Google Scholar
[29]	Tress W, Marinova N, Inganäs O, Nazeeruddin M K, Zakeeruddin S M, Graetzel M 2015 Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1400812 Google Scholar
[30]	Kim H S, Mora-Sero I, Gonzalez-Pedro V, Fabregat-Santiago F, Juarez-Perez E J, Park N G, Bisquert J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2242 Google Scholar
[31]	Snaith H J, Abate A, Ball J M, Eperon G E, Leijtens T, Noel N K, Stranks S D, Wang J T, Wojciechowski K, Zhang W 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1511 Google Scholar
[32]	Yoon H, Kang S M, Lee J K, Choi M 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2262 Google Scholar
[33]	Unger E L, Hoke E T, Bailie C D, Nguyen W H, Bowring A R, Heumüller T, Christoforo M G, McGehee M D 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 3690 Google Scholar
[34]	Ahn N, Kwak K, Jang M S, Yoon H, Lee B Y, Lee J K, Pikhitsa P V, Byun J, Choi M 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13422 Google Scholar
[35]	Leijtens T, Eperon G E, Noel N K, Habisreutinger S N, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2015 Adv. Energy Mater. 5 1500963 Google Scholar
[36]	Aristidou N, Eames C, Sanchez-Molina I, Bu X, Kosco J, Islam M S, Haque S A 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 15218 Google Scholar
[37]	Aristidou N, Sanchez-Molina I, Chotchuangchutchaval T, Brown M, Martinez L, Rath T, Haque S A 2015 Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 54 8208 Google Scholar
[38]	Leijtens T, Eperon G E, Pathak S, Abate A, Lee M M, Snaith H J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2885 Google Scholar
[39]	Du M H 2015 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 1461 Google Scholar
[40]	Jiang H, Jiang G, Xing W, Xiong W, Zhang X, Wang B, Zhang H, Zheng Y 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 29954 Google Scholar
[41]	Sidhik S, Panikar S S, Pérez C R, Luke T L, Carriles R, Carrera S C, de la Rosa E 2018 ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 6 15391 Google Scholar
[42]	Wang P, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang H, Cui X, Yuan S, Lu H, Tu L, Zhan Y, Zheng L 2018 J. Mater. Chem. A 6 15853 Google Scholar
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[44]	Li W, Zhang W, Van Reenen S, Sutton R J, Fan J, Haghighirad A A, Johnston M B, Wang L, Snaith H J 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 490 Google Scholar
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Vol. 68, Issue 15 - 2019-08-05

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