Diamond spin quantum sensing under extreme conditions

Liu Gang-Qin

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20212072

Abstract

Extreme conditions, such as ultra-low temperatures, high pressures, and strong magnetic fields, are critical to producing and studying exotic states of matter. To measure physical properties under extreme conditions, the advanced sensing schemes are required. As a promising quantum sensor, the diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center can detect magnetic field, electronic field, pressure, and temperature with high sensitivity. Considering its nanoscale spatial resolution and ultra-wide working range, the diamond quantum sensing can play an important role in frontier studies involving extreme conditions. This paper reviews the spin and optical properties of diamond NV center under extreme conditions, including low temperature, high temperature, zero field, strong magnetic fields, and high pressures. The opportunities and challenges of diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions are discussed. The basic knowledge of spin-based quantum sensing and its applications under extreme conditions are also covered.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Liu Gang-Qin^1,2,3

1.
Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Beijing 100190, China
3.
Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China

Corresponding author: Liu Gang-Qin, gqliu@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China (Grant No. Z200009), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. YJKYYQ20190082, XDB28030000), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11974020, 12022509, 11934018, T2121001), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants No. 2019YFA0308100).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 极端条件下的金刚石自旋量子传感　(a) 作为灵敏的微纳尺度量子传感方案, 金刚石氮空位中心可在极其宽泛的温度、压强、磁场下工作; (b)典型的自旋量子传感包含量子态制备、与待测对象的相互作用、量子态读出三部分

Figure 1. Diamond quantum sensing under extreme conditions. (a) As nanoscale quantum sensors, diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers can work under wide ranges of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. (b) A typical spin-based quantum sensing process contains three parts: preparation of the quantum state, interaction between the sensor and the target, and readout of the quantum state.

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图 2 金刚石氮空位中心自旋量子传感工作原理　(a) 自旋能级结构和光学跃迁; (b) 外场对金刚石氮空位中心基态能级的影响(从上至下: 压强、温度、磁场)

Figure 2. Working principle of diamond quantum sensing: (a) The energy level structure and optical transitions of a diamond NV center; (b) the energy levels of NV ground state as function of external perturbations (from top to bottom: pressure, temperature, and magnetic field).

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图 3 低温条件对金刚石氮空位中心自旋性质的影响　(a) 自旋弛豫速率随温度变化规律^[23]; (b) 3.7 K下NV中心自旋弛豫时间$ {T}_{1} $可达1 h^[24]

Figure 3. NV spin properties at low temperatures: (a) Spin relaxation rate as function of temperature^[23]; (b) at 3.7 K, the T₁ of an NV electron spin reaches 1 hour^[24].

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图 4 高温下金刚石NV中心自旋量子调控^[28]　(a) 基于原位激光加热的快速温控; (b) 高温光探磁共振脉冲序列; (c) 零场劈裂随温度变化规律; (d) 自旋弛豫速率随温度的变化规律; (e) 高温下自旋Rabi振荡

Figure 4. Quantum control of diamond NV centers under high temperatures ^[28]: (a) Fast temperature control by in-situ laser heating and cooling; (b) pulse sequence for high-temperature ODMR; (c) temperature dependence of zero-field splitting of NV centers; (d) temperature dependence of spin relaxation rate; (e) Rabi oscillation under high temperatures.

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图 5 零场和低磁场下金刚石自旋量子调控　(a) 零场附近基态能级简并情况^[29]; (b)基于近邻强耦合¹³C核自旋的零场量子传感方案^[31]; (c) 基于NV自旋三能级结构的零场量子传感方案^[30]

Figure 5. Quantum control of diamond spin under zero and low magnetic fields: (a) Energy levels of NV ground state at near zero fields^[29]; (b) zero-field magnetometry using hyperfine-biased NV centers^[31]; (c) zero-field quantum sensing by exploiting the spin S = 1 nature of the NV center^[30].

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图 6 强磁场下的金刚石自旋量子调控^[33]　(a) 实验系统示意图; (b) 高频微波波导示意图; (c)共面波导传输线和金刚石装载示意; (d)金刚石近邻共面波导结构的荧光扫描图; (e) 2.78 T磁场下的单个金刚石NV中心光探磁共振谱线和(f) Rabi振荡

Figure 6. Quantum control of diamond NV center under strong magnetic field^[33]: (a) Experimental setup of high-field ODMR; (b) schematic of the microwave cavity resonator and (c) schematic of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transition element and diamond loading; (d) confocal image of the CPW resonator close to the diamond; (e) ODMR spectrum and (f) Rabi oscillation of an NV center at 2.78 T.

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图 7 高压下金刚石NV自旋量子调控　(a) 金刚石对顶砧中的自旋量子传感^[17]; (b)压力对金刚石NV中心基态能级的影响; (c) 不同压强下的光探磁共振谱线; (d) 零场劈裂随压强变化关系; (e)不同压强下的NV中心零声子谱线及其(f)随压强变化规律^[36]; (g)—(i) 高压下的自旋Rabi振荡、自旋回波信号和自旋弛豫信号 ^[37]

Figure 7. Quantum control of diamond NV center under high pressures: (a) Quantum sensing inside diamond anvil cell ^[17]; (b) energy levels of NV ground states under pressure; (c) ODMR spectra under different pressures; (d) dependence of zero-field splitting on pressures; (e) zero-phonon line and (f) its dependence on pressures^[36]; (g)–(i) Rabi oscillation, spin echo, and spin relaxation of NV centers under high pressures ^[37].

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图 8 低温下金刚石自旋量子传感应用　(a) 7 K下二维材料CrI₃的磁性成像 ^[40]; (b) 4.2 K下超导薄膜YBCO的磁性成像^[41]

Figure 8. Applications of diamond quantum sensing at low temperatures: (a) Map of magnetization distribution of a 2D material, CrI₃, at temperature of 7 K^[40]; (b) magnetic vortex imaging of a thin-film superconductor, YBCO, at temperature of 4.2 K^[41].

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图 9 高温下金刚石自旋量子传感应用^[28]　(a) 不同温度下单个镍纳米颗粒近邻金刚石中集群NV的光探磁共振谱线; (b) 单个纳米颗粒磁性相变过程, 其中插图为样品扫描电子显微镜图片

Figure 9. Applications of diamond quantum sensing at high temperatures^[28]: (a) ODMR spectra of a nano-diamond close to a nickel nanoparticle at different temperatures; (b) the magnetic phase transition of a single nickel nanoparticle, where the insert is SEM image of the sample.

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图 10 极限磁场下的金刚石自旋量子传感应用　(a) 零场下(0.01 G) 金刚石NV自旋辅助实现的EPR谱线 [47]; (b) 强磁场(3 T)下NV自旋辅助实现的NMR谱线^[49]

Figure 10. Applications of diamond quantum sensing at zero and high magnetic fields: (a) Zero-field (0.01 G) EPR enabled by diamond NV center^[47]; (b) NV-based NMR at 3 T ^[49].

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图 11 高压下金刚石自旋量子传感应用　(a)铷铁硼(NdFeB)^[37]和(b)单质铁(Fe)的压强驱动磁相变测量^[51,52]; (c) 高压腔内压强成像^[52]; (d) BaFe₂(As_0.59P_0.41)₂超导相图^[53]; (e) 钆(Gd)磁性的压强-温度相图 ^[52]

Figure 11. Applications of diamond quantum sensing under high pressures: (a), (b) The pressure induced magnetic phase transition of (a) NdFeB ^[37] and (b) Fe^[51,52]; (c) pressure imaging inside diamond anvil cells^[52]; (d), (e) the temperature-pressure phase diagram of (d) superconductor BaFe₂(As_0.59P_0.41)₂ ^[53] and (e) Gd foil ^[52].

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map

[1]	Norman M R 2011 Science 332 196 Google Scholar
[2]	Mathur N D, Grosche F M, Julian S R, Walker I R, Freye D M, Haselwimmer R K W, Lonzarich G G 1998 Nature 394 39 Google Scholar
[3]	Sachdev S, Keimer B 2011 Phys. Today 64 29 Google Scholar
[4]	Coleman P, Schofield A J 2005 Nature 433 226 Google Scholar
[5]	Hao N, Hu J 2019 Natl. Sci. Rev. 6 213 Google Scholar
[6]	Snider E, Dasenbrock-Gammon N, McBride R, Debessai M, Vindana H, Vencatasamy K, Lawler K V, Salamat A, Dias R P 2020 Nature 586 373 Google Scholar
[7]	Somayazulu M, Ahart M, Mishra A K, Geballe Z M, Baldini M, Meng Y, Struzhkin V V, Hemley R J 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 122 027001 Google Scholar
[8]	Drozdov A P, Kong P P, Minkov V S, Besedin S P, Kuzovnikov M A, Mozaffari S, Balicas L, Balakirev F F, Graf D E, Prakapenka V B, Greenberg E, Knyazev D A, Tkacz M, Eremets M I 2019 Nature 569 528 Google Scholar
[9]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Roch J F, Maletinsky P, Jacques V 2014 Reports Prog. Phys. 77 056503 Google Scholar
[10]	Schirhagl R, Chang K, Loretz M, Degen C L 2014 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65 83 Google Scholar
[11]	Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Quantum sensing Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002 Google Scholar
[12]	Casola F, Van Der Sar T, Yacoby A 2018 Nat. Rev. Mater. 3 17088 Google Scholar
[13]	Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, et al. 2019 Nature 574 505 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhao N, Hu J L, Ho S W, Wan J T K, Liu R B 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 242 Google Scholar
[15]	Balasubramanian G, Chan I Y, Kolesov R, Al-Hmoud M, Tisler J, Shin C, Kim C, Wojcik A, Hemmer P R, Krueger A, others 2008 Nature 455 648 Google Scholar
[16]	Acosta V M, Bauch E, Ledbetter M P, Waxman A, Bouchard L S, Budker D 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 070801 Google Scholar
[17]	Doherty M W, Struzhkin V V, Simpson D A, McGuinness L P, Meng Y, Stacey A, Karle T J, Hemley R J, Manson N B, Hollenberg Lloyd C L, Prawer S 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 047601 Google Scholar
[18]	Van Oort E, Glasbeek M 1990 Chem. Phys. Lett. 168 529 Google Scholar
[19]	Dolde F, Fedder H, Doherty M W, Nöbauer T, Rempp F, Balasubramanian G, Wolf T, Reinhard F, Hollenberg L C L, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 459 Google Scholar
[20]	Gruber A, Drabenstedt A, Tietz C, Fleury L, Wrachtrup J, Borczyskowski C von 1997 Science 276 2012 Google Scholar
[21]	Steinert S, Ziem F, Hall L T, Zappe A, Schweikert M, Götz N, Aird A, Balasubramanian G, Hollenberg L, Wrachtrup J 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1607 Google Scholar
[22]	Robledo L, Childress L, Bernien H, Hensen B, Alkemade P F A, Hanson R 2011 Nature 477 574 Google Scholar
[23]	Jarmola A, Acosta V M, Jensen K, Chemerisov S, Budker D 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 197601 Google Scholar
[24]	Abobeih M H, Cramer J, Bakker M A, Kalb N, Markham M, Twitchen D J, Taminiau T H 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1 Google Scholar
[25]	Astner T, Gugler J, Angerer A, Wald S, Putz S, Mauser N J, Trupke M, Sumiya H, Onoda S, Isoya J, Schmiedmayer J, Mohn P, Majer J 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 313 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhu X, Saito S, Kemp A, Kakuyanagi K, Karimoto S, Nakano H, Munro W J, Tokura Y, Everitt M S, Nemoto K, Kasu M, Mizuochi N, Semba K 2011 Nature 478 221 Google Scholar
[27]	Toyli D M, Christle D J, Alkauskas A, Buckley B B, Van de Walle C G, Awschalom D D 2012 Phys. Rev. X 2 031001 Google Scholar
[28]	Liu G Q, Feng X, Wang N, Li Q, Liu R B 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 1344 Google Scholar
[29]	Zheng H, Xu J, Iwata G Z, Lenz T, Michl J, Yavkin B, Nakamura K, Sumiya H, Ohshima T, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J, Wickenbrock A, Budker D 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl. 11 064068 Google Scholar
[30]	Vetter P J, Marshall A, Genov G T, Weiss T F, Striegler N, Großmann E F, Casado S O, Cerrillo J, Prior J, Neumann P, Jelezko F 2021 arXiv: 2107.10537[quant-ph]
[31]	Wang N, Liu C F, Fan J W, Feng X, Leong W H, Finkler A, Denisenko A, Wrachtrup J, Li Q, Liu R B 2022 Phys. Rev. Res. 4 013098 Google Scholar
[32]	Epstein R J, Mendoza F M, Kato Y K, Awschalom D D 2005 Nat. Phys. 1 94 Google Scholar
[33]	Aslam N, Pfender M, Stöhr R, Neumann P, Scheffler M, Sumiya H, Abe H, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 064704 Google Scholar
[34]	Fortman B, Mugica-Sanchez L, Tischler N, Selco C, Hang Y, Holczer K, Takahashi S 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 130 083901 Google Scholar
[35]	Jayaraman A 1983 Rev. Mod. Phys. 55 65 Google Scholar
[36]	Lyapin S G, Ilichev I D, Novikov A P, Davydov V A, Agafonov V N 2018 Nanosyst. Physics, Chem. Math. 9 55
[37]	Shang Y X, Hong F, Dai J H, Yu Hui, Lu Y N, Liu E K, Yu X H, Liu G Q, Pan X Y 2019 Chin. Phys. Lett. 36 086201 Google Scholar
[38]	Steele L G, Lawson M, Onyszczak M, Bush B T, Mei Z, Dioguardi A P, King J, Parker A, Pines A, Weir S T, Evans W, Visbeck K, Vohra Y K, Curro N J 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 221903 Google Scholar
[39]	Shang Y X, Hong F, Dai J H, Lu Y N, Yu H, Yu Y H, Yu X H, Pan X Y, Liu G Q 2022 arXiv:2203.10511[quant-ph]
[40]	Thiel L, Wang Z, Tschudin M A, Rohner D, Gutiérrez-Lezama I, Ubrig N, Gibertini M, Giannini E, Morpurgo A F, Maletinsky P 2019 Science 364 973 Google Scholar
[41]	Marchiori E, Ceccarelli L, Rossi N, Lorenzelli L, Degen C L, Poggio M 2021 Nat. Rev. Phys. 4 49 Google Scholar
[42]	Thiel L, Rohner D, Ganzhorn M, Appel P, Neu E, Müller B, Kleiner R, Koelle D, Maletinsky P 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol. 11 677 Google Scholar
[43]	Mamin H J, Kim M, Sherwood M H, Rettner C T, Ohno K, Awschalom D D, Rugar D 2013 Science 339 557 Google Scholar
[44]	Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles C A, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J 2013 Science 339 561 Google Scholar
[45]	Kong F, Zhao P, Ye X, Wang Z, Qin Z, Yu P, Su J, Shi F, Du J 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 1563 Google Scholar
[46]	Laraoui A, Dolde F, Burk C, Reinhard F, Wrachtrup J, Meriles C A 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1 Google Scholar
[47]	Kong F, Zhao P, Yu P, Qin Z, Huang Z, Wang Z, Wang M, Shi F, Du J 2020 Sci. Adv. 6 8244 Google Scholar
[48]	赵鹏举, 孔飞, 李瑞, 石发展, 杜江峰 2021 70 213301 Google Scholar Zhao P J, Kong F, Li R, Shi F Z, Du J F 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 213301 Google Scholar
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