基于金刚石体系中氮-空位色心的固态量子传感

董杨; 杜博; 张少春; 陈向东; 孙方稳

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20180788

摘要

在室温下，金刚石中的氮-空位（NV）色心具有荧光强度稳定、电子自旋相干时间长以及与生俱来的原子尺寸的特点，是优良的纳米量子传感器.在成像领域中，将各种超分辨成像显微技术应用于NV色心体系，发展出多种高空间纳米分辨率的成像方法.此外，NV色心作为固态量子比特可以通过光学方法对其进行初始化和读取.NV色心电子自旋量子态还可以与电磁场、应力等进行相干耦合.基于这些耦合，科研人员在实验上实现了对相关物理量纳米级空间分辨率的高灵敏表征.目前这些量子传感技术可以应用在新材料、单个蛋白质核自旋、活体神经元等方面的测量中.本综述主要介绍金刚石中NV色心纳米量子传感器件的工作原理、实验实现和优化以及在相关领域的应用.

关键词:

Abstract

Solid-state electronic spin system of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is attractive as a nanoscale quantum sensor under room-temperature dueto its unique characteristics such as stable fluorescence, long coherent time, and near-atomic size under ambient conditions. Nowadays, the NV center plays a significant role in super-resolution microscopies. Different super-resolution microscopies have been used on NV center to archievenanoscale spatial resolution. Moreover, the spin state in NV center can be regraded as a solid-state qubit, which can be optically polarized and read out. The spin state can couple with electromagnetic fields and strain, which enables the NV center to be an excellent quantum sensor with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Such an NV-center based quantum sensing technique is being developed for applications in newmateriales, single protein nuclear spin dynamic field, life science, etc. This review will introduce the basic principle of such a nanoscale quantum sensor, the experimental realization, methods of enhancing the sensitivity, and some applications in high-spatial-resolution and high-sensitivity sensing.

Keywords:

作者及机构信息

1.
中国科学技术大学, 中国科学院量子信息重点实验室, 合肥 230026

通信作者: 孙方稳, fwsun@ustc.edu.cn

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（批准号：91536219，61522508，11504363）和国家重点基础研究发展计划（批准号：2017YFA0304504）资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Sun Fang-Wen, fwsun@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 91536219, 61522508, 11504363) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304504).

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[45]	Dovzhenko Y, Casola F, Schlotter S, Zhou T X, Bttner F, Walsworth R L, Beach G S D, Yacoby A 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2712
[46]	Tetienne J P, Dontschuk N, Broadway D A, Stacey A, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1602429
[47]	Chang K, Eichler A, Rhensius J, Lorenzelli L, Degen C L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2367
[48]	Laraoui A, Aycock-Rizzo H, Gao Y, Lu X, Riedo E, Meriles C A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8954
[49]	Tetienne J P, Lombard A, Simpson D A, Ritchie C, Lu J N, Mulvaney P, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 326
[50]	Beams R, Smith D, Johnson T W, Oh S H, Novotny L, Vamivakas A N 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3807
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[52]	Merchant K, Sarkar S K 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 22 235
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[54]	Mohan N, Chen C S, Hsieh H H, Wu Y C, Chang H C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3692
[55]	Wu Y Z, Jelezko F, Plenio M B, Weil T 2016 Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 55 6586
[56]	Tzeng Y K, Faklaris O, Chang B M, Kuo Y, Hsu J H, Chang H C 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2262
[57]	Liu W, Naydenov B, Chakrabortty S, Wuensch B, Hu ner K, Ritz S, Leiter R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 6236
[58]	Kucsko G, Maurer P C, Yao N Y, Kubo M, Noh H J, Lo P K, Park H, Lukin M D 2013 Nature 500 54
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[62]	Li S, Li C H, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Li C C, Chen X D, Sun F W 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 096101
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[67]	Bundy F P, Hall H T, Strong H M, Jun R W 1955 Nature 176 51
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[69]	Dong Y, Chen X D, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 05232
[70]	Degen C L 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 243111

施引文献

[1]	Wrachtrup J, von Borczyskowski C, Bernard J, Orrit M, Brown R 1993 Nature 363 244
[2]	Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[3]	Zhou J W, Wang P F, Shi F Z, Huang P, Kong X, Xu X K, Du J F 2014 Fron. Phys. 9 587
[4]	Cui J M, Sun F W, Chen X D, Gong Z J, Guo G C 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 153901
[5]	Doherty M W, Manson N B, Delaney P, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Hollenberg L C 2013 Phys. Rep. 528 1
[6]	Chen X D, Dong C H, Sun F W, Zou C L, Cui J M, Han Z F, Guo G C 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 161903
[7]	Schirhagl R, Chang K, Loretz M, Degen C L 2014 Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 65 83
[8]	Ishikawa T, Fu K M C, Santori C, Acosta V M, Beausoleil R G, Watanabe H, Itoh K M 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2083
[9]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Roch J F, Maletinsky P, Jacques V 2014 Rep. Prog. Phys. 77 056503
[10]	Chen X D 2014 Study of the Photochromism of Nitrogen Vacancy Center in Diamond (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [陈向东 2014 金刚石中NV色心光致变色的研究 (合肥: 中国科学技术大学)]
[11]	Dréau A, Lesik M, Rondin L, Spinicelli P, Arcizet O, Roch J F, Jacques V 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 195204
[12]	Degen C L, Reinhard F, Cappellaro P 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 035002
[13]	Chen X D, Sun F W, Zou C L, Cui J M, Zhou L M, Guo G C 2013 EPL 101 67003
[14]	Maertz B J, Wijnheijmer A P, Fuchs G D, Nowakowski M E, Awschalom D D 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 092504
[15]	Balasubramanian G, Neumann P, Twitchen D, Markham M, Kolesov R, Mizuochi N, Jacques V 2009 Nat. Mater. 8 383
[16]	Taylor J M, Cappellaro P, Childress L, Jiang L, Budker D, Hemmer P R, Lukin M D 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 810
[17]	Staudacher T, Shi F, Pezzagna S, Meijer J, Du J, Meriles C A, Wrachtrup J 2013 Science 339 561
[18]	Matthew Naides https://levlab stanford edu/sites/default/files/NaidesThesisFinal_augmented.pdf [2018-3-26]
[19]	Wang J, Feng F, Zhang J, Chen J, Zheng Z, Guo L, Zou C 2015 Phys. Rev. B 91 155404
[20]	Lee D, Lee K W, Cady J V, Ovartchaiyapong P, Jayich A C B 2017 J. Opt. 19 033001
[21]	Maletinsky P, Hong S, Grinolds M S, Hausmann B, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Loncar M, Yacoby A 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 320
[22]	Rondin L, Tetienne J P, Spinicelli P, Dal Savio C, Karrai K, Dantelle G, Thiaville A, Rohart S, Roch J F, Jacques V 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 153118
[23]	Balasubramanian G, Chan I Y, Kolesov R, Al-Hmoud M, Tisler J, Shin C, Kim C, Wojcik A, Hemmer P R, Krueger A, Hanke T, Leitenstorfer A, Bratschitsch R, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2008 Nature 455 648
[24]	Grinolds M S, Hong S, Maletinsky P, Luan L, Lukin M D, Walsworth R L, Yacoby A 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 215
[25]	Babinec T M, Hausmann B J M, Khan M, Zhang Y, Maze J R, Hemmer P R, Loncar M 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 195
[26]	Leung B O, Chou K C 2011 Appl. Spectros. 65 967
[27]	Heilemann M 2010 J. Biotechnol. 149 243
[28]	Schermelleh L, Carlton P M, Haase S, Shao L, Winoto L, Kner P, Leonhardt H 2008 Science 320 1332
[29]	Rittweger E, Han K Y, Irvine S E, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 144
[30]	Wildanger D, Patton B R, Schill H, Marseglia L, Hadden J P, Knauer S, Schönle A, Rarity J G, O'Brien J L, Hell S W, Smith J M 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 309
[31]	Arroyo-Camejo S, Adam M P, Besbes M, Hugonin J P, Jacques V, Greffet J J, Treussart F 2013 ACS Nano. 7 10912
[32]	Osseforth C, Moffitt J R, Schermelleh L, Michaelis J 2014 Opt. Express 22 7028
[33]	Yang X, Xie H, Alonas E, Liu Y J, Chen X Z, Santangelo P J, Ren Q S, Xi P, Jin D Y 2016 Light-Sci. Appl. 5 e16134
[34]	Han K Y, Kim S K, Eggeling C, Hell S W 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3199
[35]	Rittweger E, Wildanger D, Hell S W 2009 EPL 86 14001
[36]	Chen X D, Zou C L, Gong Z J, Dong C H, Guo G C, Sun F W 2015 Light-Sci. Appl. 4 e230
[37]	Li S, Chen X D, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Zou C W, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 109 111107
[38]	Chen X D, Li S, Shen A, Dong Y, Dong C H, Guo G C, Sun F W 2017 Phy. Rev. Appl. 7 014008
[39]	Maurer P C, Maze J R, Stanwix P L, Jiang L, Gorshkov A V, Zibrov A A, Harke B, Hodges J S, Zibrov A S, Yacoby A, Twitchen D, Hell S W, Walsworth R L, Lukin M D 2010 Nat. Phys. 6 912
[40]	Pfender M, Aslam N, Waldherr G, Neumann P, Wrachtrup J 2014 PNAS 111 14669
[41]	Chen E H, Gaathon O, Trusheim M E, Englund D 2013 Nano Lett. 13 2073
[42]	Simpson D A, Tetienne J P, McCoey J M, Ganesan K, Hall1 L T, Petrou S, Scholten R E, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 22797
[43]	Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Kim J V, Diez L H, Adam J P, Garcia K, Roch J F, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2014 Science 344 1366
[44]	Tetienne J P, Hingant T, Martinez L J, Rohart S, Thiaville A, Diez L H, Garcia K, Adam J P, Kim J V, Roch J F, Miron I M, Gaudin G, Vila L, Ocker B, Ravelosona D, Jacques V 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6733
[45]	Dovzhenko Y, Casola F, Schlotter S, Zhou T X, Bttner F, Walsworth R L, Beach G S D, Yacoby A 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 2712
[46]	Tetienne J P, Dontschuk N, Broadway D A, Stacey A, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2017 Sci. Adv. 3 e1602429
[47]	Chang K, Eichler A, Rhensius J, Lorenzelli L, Degen C L 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2367
[48]	Laraoui A, Aycock-Rizzo H, Gao Y, Lu X, Riedo E, Meriles C A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8954
[49]	Tetienne J P, Lombard A, Simpson D A, Ritchie C, Lu J N, Mulvaney P, Hollenberg L C L 2016 Nano Lett. 16 326
[50]	Beams R, Smith D, Johnson T W, Oh S H, Novotny L, Vamivakas A N 2013 Nano Lett. 13 3807
[51]	Cuche A, Drezet A, Sonnefraud Y, Faklaris O, Treussart F, Roch J F, Huant S 2009 Opt. Express 17 19969
[52]	Merchant K, Sarkar S K 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 22 235
[53]	Hsiao W W, Hui Y Y, Tsai P C, Chang H C 2016 Acc. Chem. Res. 49 400
[54]	Mohan N, Chen C S, Hsieh H H, Wu Y C, Chang H C 2010 Nano Lett. 10 3692
[55]	Wu Y Z, Jelezko F, Plenio M B, Weil T 2016 Angew. Chem. Int Ed. 55 6586
[56]	Tzeng Y K, Faklaris O, Chang B M, Kuo Y, Hsu J H, Chang H C 2011 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50 2262
[57]	Liu W, Naydenov B, Chakrabortty S, Wuensch B, Hu ner K, Ritz S, Leiter R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 6236
[58]	Kucsko G, Maurer P C, Yao N Y, Kubo M, Noh H J, Lo P K, Park H, Lukin M D 2013 Nature 500 54
[59]	Hall L T, Simpson D A, Hollenberg L C L 2013 MRS Bull. 38
[60]	Hall L T, Beart G C G, Thomas E A, Simpson D A, McGuinness L P, Cole J H, Manton H, Scholten R E, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Petrou S, Hollenberg L C L 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 401
[61]	Le Sage D, Pham L M, Bar-Gill N, Belthangady C, Lukin M D, Yacoby A, Walsworth R L 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 121202
[62]	Li S, Li C H, Zhao B W, Dong Y, Li C C, Chen X D, Sun F W 2017 Chin. Phys. Lett. 34 096101
[63]	Du J, Rong X, Zhao N, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu R B 2009 Nature 461 126
[64]	Ryan C A, Hodges J S, Cory D G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 200402
[65]	de Lange G, Wang Z H, Riste D, Dobrovitski V V, Hanson R 2010 Science 330 60
[66]	Zhao N, Ho S W, Liu R B 2012 Phys. Rev. B 85 115303
[67]	Bundy F P, Hall H T, Strong H M, Jun R W 1955 Nature 176 51
[68]	Markham M L, Dodson J M, Scarsbrook G A, Twitchen D J, Balasubramanian G, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J 2011 Diam. Relat. Mater. 20 134
[69]	Dong Y, Chen X D, Guo G C, Sun F W 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 05232
[70]	Degen C L 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 243111

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