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Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is a promising low-cost and environmentally-friendly semiconductor photovoltaic material. The power conversion efficiency of Sb2Se3 solar cells has been improved to
$ \sim $ 10% in the past few years. The carrier recombination transfer dynamics is significant factor that affects the efficiency of Sb2Se3 solar cells. In this work, carrier recombination on the Sb2Se3 surface and carrier transfer dynamics at the CdS/Sb2Se3 heterojunction interface are systematically investigated by surface transient reflectance. According to the evolution of relative reflectance change${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ , the carrier thermalization and band gap renormalization time of Sb2Se3 are determined to be in a range from 0.2 to 0.5 ps, and carrier cooling time is estimated to be about 3－4 ps. Our results also demonstrate that both free electron and shallow-trapped electron transfer occur at the Sb2Se3/CdS interface after photo excitation. Our results present a method of explaining the transient reflectance of Sb2Se3 and enhancing the understanding of carrier kinetics at Sb2Se3 surface and Sb2Se3/CdS interface.-
Keywords:
- Sb2Se3 /
- surface transient reflectance /
- carrier recombination /
- electron transfer
[1] Chen C, Li W Q, Zhou Y, Chen C, Luo M, Liu X S, Zeng K, Yang B, Zhang C W, Han J B, Tang J 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 043905
[2] Kosek F, Tulka J, Štourač L 1978 Czech. J. Phys. B 28 325
Google Scholar
[3] Madelung O, Rössler U, Schulz M 2004 Semiconductor: Data Handbook (Vol. 41) (New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergy) pp622–623
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Google Scholar
[17] Pashinkin A S, Malkova A S, Mikhailova M S 2008 Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 82 1035
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[18] Zhang Y, Das Sarma S 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 125303
Google Scholar
[19] Wolff P A 1962 Phys. Rev. 126 405
Google Scholar
[20] 滕利华, 王霞, 赖天树 2011 60 047201
Google Scholar
Teng L H, Wang X, Lai T S 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 047201
Google Scholar
[21] Prabhu S S, Vengurlekar A S 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 7803
Google Scholar
[22] Shank C V, Fork R L, Leheny R F, Shah J 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 112
Google Scholar
[23] Tian L, Mario di L, Zannier V, Catone D, Colonna S, O’Keeffe P, Turchini S, Zema N, Rubini S, Martelli F 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 165442
Google Scholar
[24] Joly A G, Williams J R, Chambers S A, Xiong G, Hess W P, Laman D M 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 053521
Google Scholar
[25] Bennett R B, Soref A R, Del Alamo A J 1990 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26 113
Google Scholar
[26] Di Cicco A, Polzoni G, Gunnella R, Trapananti A, Minicucci M, Rezvani S J, Catone D, Di Mario L, Pelli Cresi J S, Turchini S, Martelli F 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 17363
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Google Scholar
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[29] Syrbu N N, Zalamai V V, Stamov I G, Beril S I 2020 Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 11 1045
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[30] Wen Y C, Chen C Y, Shen C H, Gwo S, Sun C K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 232114
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[31] Lobad A, Schlie L A 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 97
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图 1 (a)两种厚度Sb2Se3薄膜在760和860 nm处
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 归一化曲线比较; (b) Sb2Se3/空气界面$ \dfrac{\partial{R}}{{\partial n}} $ 和$ \dfrac{\partial{R}}{{\partial k}} $ 曲线; (c) Sb2Se3/空气界面$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 随温度的变化, 其中R为300 K时的界面反射率,$ {\Delta }{R} $ 为相对300 K条件下界面反射率的变化Figure 1. (a) Comparisons of
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ curves at probe wavelengths of 760 and 860 nm from Sb2Se3 film of two thicknesses, where the$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ curves have been normalized; (b)$ \dfrac{\partial{R}}{{\partial n}} $ and$ \dfrac{\partial{R}}{{\partial k}} $ curves of Sb2Se3/air interface; (c) dependence of$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ at Sb2Se3/air interface on temperature, where R is the reflectivity of the interface at 300 K, and$ {\Delta }{R} $ is the reflectivity difference with respect to R of the interface at 300 K.
图 2 Sb2Se3薄膜载流子弛豫过程示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of carrier relaxation in Sb2Se3 film.
图 3 (a) Sb2Se3与Sb2Se3/CdS薄膜的吸收光谱; (b) Sb2Se3与Sb2Se3/CdS薄膜的XRD图谱; (c) Sb2Se3薄膜的表面形貌; (d) Sb2Se3薄膜的截面形貌
Figure 3. (a) Absorbance spectra of Sb2Se3 and Sb2Se3/CdS film; (b) XRD diffraction spectra of Sb2Se3 and Sb2Se3/CdS film; (c) surface morphologies of Sb2Se3 film; (d) cross-sectional morphology of Sb2Se3 film.
图 4 (a) Sb2Se3薄膜的相对反射率变化
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 的二维图像(激发波长550 nm, 载流子浓度1.55 × 1020cm–3); (b)典型时间延迟对应的$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 谱; (c)典型探测波长对应的$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 动力学曲线Figure 4. (a) Two-dimensional image of relative reflectivity change
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ of Sb2Se3 film excited by 550 nm laser (300 nJ); (b)$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ with various probe wavelengths at three typical time delays; (c) evolutions of$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ of four typical probe wavelengths
图 5 (a)不同激发光子能量条件下860 nm探测波长处
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 动力学曲线比较; (b)不同激发光子能量条件下载流子热化和带隙收缩时间; (c)不同载流子浓度条件下860 nm探测波长处$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 动力学曲线比较(激发波长550 nm); (d)不同载流子浓度条件下载流子热化和带隙收缩时间Figure 5. (a) Comparisons of kinetic curves of
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ at probe wavelength 860 nm with different excitation photon energies; (b) carrier thermalization and band gap renormalization times with different excitation photon energies; (c) comparisons of kinetic curves of$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ with different carrier concentrations (excitation wavelength of 550 nm); (d) carrier thermalization and band gap renormalization time with different carrier concentrations.
图 6 (a)不同激发光子能量条件下探测波长760 nm处
${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ 的动力学过程II比较; (b)不同激发光子能量条件下${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ 的动力学过程II的衰减寿命Figure 6. (a) Comparisons of kinetics II of
${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ at 760 nm with different excitation photon energies; (b) decay lifetime of kinetics II of${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ with different excitation energies.
图 7 (a)典型时间延迟条件下Sb2Se3/CdS的相对反射率变化
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 谱(激发波长650 nm); (b) Sb2Se3和Sb2Se3/CdS在495 nm处${{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}}$ 动力学曲线对比Figure 7. (a) Relative reflectance change
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ spectra of Sb2Se3/CdS at three time delays (excitation wavelength of 650 nm); (b) comparison of kinetic curves of$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ at 495 nm for Sb2Se3 and Sb2Se3/CdS.
图 8 4种载流子浓度条件下Sb2Se3与Sb2Se3/CdS在760 nm处的
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ 的动力学曲线对比 (a)$ 4.79\times {10}^{19} $ cm–3; (b) 9.59 × 1019 cm–3; (c) 1.44 × 1020 cm–3; (d) 1.92 × 1020 cm–3Figure 8. Comparisons of kinetics of
$ {{\Delta }{R}}/{{R}} $ at 760 nm for Sb2Se3 and Sb2Se3/CdS under four different carrier concentrations of (a)$ 4.79\times {10}^{19} $ cm–3, (b) 9.59 × 1019 cm–3, (c) 1.44 × 1020 cm–3, (d) 1.92 × 1020 cm–3
图 9 Sb2Se3/CdS界面处的主要载流子过程(CB, 导带; VB, 价带)
Figure 9. Main carrier processes at the interface of Sb2Se3/CdS (CB, conduction band; VB, valence band).
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[1] Chen C, Li W Q, Zhou Y, Chen C, Luo M, Liu X S, Zeng K, Yang B, Zhang C W, Han J B, Tang J 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 043905
[2] Kosek F, Tulka J, Štourač L 1978 Czech. J. Phys. B 28 325
Google Scholar
[3] Madelung O, Rössler U, Schulz M 2004 Semiconductor: Data Handbook (Vol. 41) (New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergy) pp622–623
[4] Zhou Y, Leng M Y, Xia Z, Zhong J, Song H B, Liu X S, Yang B, Zhang J P, Chen J, Zhou K H, Han J B, Cheng Y B, Tang J 2014 Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1301846
Google Scholar
[5] Liu T, Liang X Y, Liu Y F, Li X L, Wang S F, Mai Y H, Li Z Q 2021 Adv. Sci. 8 2100868
Google Scholar
[6] Tang R F, Wang X M, Lian W T, Huang J L, Wei Q, Huang M L, Yin Y W, Jiang C H, Yang S F, Xing G C, Chen S Y, Zhu C F, Hao X J, Green M A, Chen T 2020 Nat. Energy 5 587
Google Scholar
[7] Chen G H, Wang W L, Wang C D, Ding T, Yang, Q 2015 Adv. Sci. 2 1500109
Google Scholar
[8] Zhou Y D, Wei F, Qian X Q, Yu L D, Han X G, Fan G L, Chen Y, Zhu J 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 19712
Google Scholar
[9] Wu W, Li Y, Liang L M, Hao Q Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Liu C C 2019 J. Phys. Chem. C 123 14781
Google Scholar
[10] Yang W, Lee S, Kwon H C, Tan J W, Lee H, Park J, Oh Y J, Choi H, Moon J 2018 ACS Nano 12 11088
Google Scholar
[11] Wang K, Chen C, Liao H Y, Wang, S Y, Tang J, Beard M C, Yang Y 2019 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10 4881
Google Scholar
[12] Grad L, Rohr von F, Zhao J Z, Hengsberger M, Osterwalder J 2020 Phys. Rev. Mater. 4 105404
Google Scholar
[13] Singh P, Ghorai N, Thakur A, Ghosh H N 2021 J. Phys. Chem. C 125 5197
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang Z Y, Hu M C, Jia T Y, Du J, Chen C, Wang C W, Liu Z Z, Shi T C, Tang J, Leng Y X 2021 ACS Energy Lett. 6 1740
Google Scholar
[15] Huang M L, Xu P, Han D, Tang J, Chen S Y 2019 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 15564
Google Scholar
[16] Henry C H, Logan R A, Bertness K A 1981 J. Appl. Phys. 52 4457
Google Scholar
[17] Pashinkin A S, Malkova A S, Mikhailova M S 2008 Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 82 1035
Google Scholar
[18] Zhang Y, Das Sarma S 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 125303
Google Scholar
[19] Wolff P A 1962 Phys. Rev. 126 405
Google Scholar
[20] 滕利华, 王霞, 赖天树 2011 60 047201
Google Scholar
Teng L H, Wang X, Lai T S 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 047201
Google Scholar
[21] Prabhu S S, Vengurlekar A S 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 7803
Google Scholar
[22] Shank C V, Fork R L, Leheny R F, Shah J 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 42 112
Google Scholar
[23] Tian L, Mario di L, Zannier V, Catone D, Colonna S, O’Keeffe P, Turchini S, Zema N, Rubini S, Martelli F 2016 Phys. Rev. B 94 165442
Google Scholar
[24] Joly A G, Williams J R, Chambers S A, Xiong G, Hess W P, Laman D M 2006 J. Appl. Phys. 99 053521
Google Scholar
[25] Bennett R B, Soref A R, Del Alamo A J 1990 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26 113
Google Scholar
[26] Di Cicco A, Polzoni G, Gunnella R, Trapananti A, Minicucci M, Rezvani S J, Catone D, Di Mario L, Pelli Cresi J S, Turchini S, Martelli F 2020 Sci. Rep. 10 17363
Google Scholar
[27] Li Z Q, Liang X Y, Li G, Liu H X, Zhang H Y, Guo J X, Chen J W, Shen K, San X Y, Yu W, Schropp Ruud E I, Mai Y H 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 125
Google Scholar
[28] Jani H, Duan L Z 2020 Phys. Rev. Appl. 13 054010
Google Scholar
[29] Syrbu N N, Zalamai V V, Stamov I G, Beril S I 2020 Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 11 1045
Google Scholar
[30] Wen Y C, Chen C Y, Shen C H, Gwo S, Sun C K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 232114
Google Scholar
[31] Lobad A, Schlie L A 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 97
[32] Nozik A J 2008 Nat. Energy 3 170
Google Scholar
[33] Li D B, Yin X X, Grice C R, Guan L, Song Z N, Wang C L, Chen C, Li K H, Cimaroli A J, Awni R A, Zhao D W, Song H S, Tang W H, Yan Y F, Tang J 2018 Nano Energy 49 346
Google Scholar
[34] Liu X S, Chen J, Luo M, Leng M Y, Xia Z, Zhou Y, Qin S K, Xue D J, Lv L, Huang H, Niu D M, Tang J 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 10687
Google Scholar
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