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Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) is an element-rich, cost-effective, and non-toxic material used as an absorber layer in solar cells. The performance of solar cells is significantly influenced by the transport characteristics of charge carriers. However, these characteristics in Sb2Se3 have not been well understood. In this work, through density functional theory and deformation potential theory, we investigate the hole transport properties of pure Sb2Se3 and As-, Bi-doped Sb2Se3. The incorporation of as element and Bi element does not introduce additional impurity levels within the band gap. However, the band gaps are reduced in both As-Sb2Se3 and Bi-Sb2Se3 due to the band shifts of energy levels. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the interactions between the unoccupied 4p and 6p states of the doping atoms and the unoccupied 4p states of Se atoms, as well as the unoccupied 5p states of Sb atoms. In this study, we calculate and analyze three key parameters affecting mobility: effective mass, deformation potential, and elastic constants. The results indicate that effective mass has the greatest influence on mobility, with Bi-Sb2Se3 exhibiting the highest average mobility. The average effective mass is highest in As-Sb2Se3 and lowest in Bi-Sb2Se3. The elastic constants of the As- and Bi-doped Sb2Se3 structures show minimal differences compared with that of the intrinsic Sb2Se3 structure. By comparing the intrinsic, As-doped, and Bi-doped Sb2Se3, it is evident that doping has a minor influence on deformation potential energy along various directions. The study reveals that the hole mobility in Sb2Se3 displays significant anisotropy, with higher mobilities observed in the x-direction and the y-direction than in the z-direction. This discrepancy is attributed to stronger covalent bonding primarily in the x- and y-direction, while in the z-direction weaker van der Waals forces is dominant. The directions with enhanced charge carrier transport capability contribute to efficient transfer and collection of photo-generated charge carriers. Therefore, our research theoretically underscores the significance of controlling the growth of antimony selenide along specific directions.
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Keywords:
- Sb2Se3 /
- mobility /
- deformation potential /
- doping
[1] Chen C, Li K H, Tang J 2022 Sol. RRL 6 2200094
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang X, Li C, Sun K, Zhou J, Zhang Z 2021 Adv. Energy Mater. 11 2002614
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[6] Wang X, Ganose A M, Kavanagh S R, Walsh A 2022 ACS Energy Lett. 7 2954
Google Scholar
[7] Spaggiari G, Bersani D, Calestani D, Gilioli E, Gombia E, Mezzadri F, Casappa M, Pattini F, Trevisi G, Rampino S 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 15529
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Google Scholar
[9] Liang G, Chen X, Ren D, Jiang X, Tang R, Zheng Z, Su Z, Fan P, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen S 2021 J. Materiomics 7 1324
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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[14] El-Sayad E A, Moustafa A M, Marzouk S Y 2009 Physica B 404 1119
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[16] Effective Mass Calculator for Semiconductors, Fonari A, Sutton C https://github.com/afonari/emc [2013-3-18
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[19] Wang V, Xu N, Liu J C, Tang G, Geng W T 2021 Comput. Phys. Commun. 267 108033
Google Scholar
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[21] Zhou Y, Leng M, Xia Z, Zhong J, Song H, Liu X, Yang B, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhou K 2014 Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1301846
Google Scholar
[22] Madelung O 1996 Semiconductor: Data Handbook (2rd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergy) p204
[23] Black J, Conwell E, Seigle L, Spencer C 1957 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2 240
Google Scholar
[24] Cheng L, Liu Y 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 17895
Google Scholar
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图 1 Sb2Se3的晶胞
Figure 1. Crystal structure of Sb2Se3 computational model.
图 2 纯Sb2Se3 (a), As-Sb2Se3 (b), Bi-Sb2Se3 (c)的能带结构及分态密度图. 虚线处是费米能级, 蓝圈处是价带顶(VBM)
Figure 2. Band structures and partial density of states of pure Sb2Se3 (a), As-Sb2Se3 (b), and Bi-Sb2Se3 (c). Dashed line represents the Fermi level and the blue circle represents the valence band maximum (VBM).
图 3 (a)本征Sb2Se3总能量与形变的抛物线拟合, 其决定了弹性常数; (b)不同结构的弹性常数
Figure 3. (a) Parabolic fitting of the intrinsic Sb2Se3 total energy and deformations, determining the elastic constants; (b) calculated elastic constants of different structures.
图 4 (a)本征Sb2Se3在3个不同方向应变下的价带边缘位置, 实线是线性拟合, 其决定了形变势; (b)不同结构的形变势能
Figure 4. (a) Valence band edge positions of intrinsic Sb2Se3 under strain along three different directions, solid lines represent linear fitting, determining the deformation potential; (b) calculated deformation potential energies of different structures.
表 2 不同Sb2Se3结构的空穴有效质量
Table 2. Effective mass of holes for different structures of Sb2Se3.
m*/m0 Sb2Se3 As-Sb2Se3 Bi-Sb2Se3 $ {m}_{xx}^{*} $ 0.43 0.45 0.42 $ {m}_{yy}^{*} $ 0.88 0.89 0.67 $ {m}_{zz}^{*} $ 1.08 1.22 1.61 $ {\stackrel{-}{m}}^{*} $ 0.68 0.72 0.67 
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表 3 三种结构的空穴迁移率
Table 3. Hole mobility of Sb2Se3, As-Sb2Se3 and Bi-Sb2Se3 along three principle directions.
迁移率/(cm2·V–1·s–1) Sb2Se3 As-Sb2Se3 Bi-Sb2Se3 μx 232.62 221.59 240.66 μy 32.78 31.20 66.71 μz 20.02 15.11 8.04 μavg 95.14 89.30 105.13
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[1] Chen C, Li K H, Tang J 2022 Sol. RRL 6 2200094
Google Scholar
[2] Zhang X, Li C, Sun K, Zhou J, Zhang Z 2021 Adv. Energy Mater. 11 2002614
Google Scholar
[3] 薛丁江, 石杭杰, 唐江 2015 64 038406
Google Scholar
Xue D J, Shi H J, Tang J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 038406
Google Scholar
[4] Zhao Y, Wang S, Li C, Che B, Chen X, Chen H, Tang R, Wang X, Chen G, Wang T, Gong J, Chen T, Xiao X 2022 Energy Environ. Sci. 15 5118
Google Scholar
[5] Li Z, Liang X, Li G, Liu H, Zhang H, Guo J, Chen J, Shen K, San X, Yu W, Schropp R, Mai Y 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 125
Google Scholar
[6] Wang X, Ganose A M, Kavanagh S R, Walsh A 2022 ACS Energy Lett. 7 2954
Google Scholar
[7] Spaggiari G, Bersani D, Calestani D, Gilioli E, Gombia E, Mezzadri F, Casappa M, Pattini F, Trevisi G, Rampino S 2022 Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 15529
Google Scholar
[8] Huang M, Lu S, Li K, Lu Y, Chen C, Tang J, Chen S 2022 Sol. RRL 6 2100730
Google Scholar
[9] Liang G, Chen X, Ren D, Jiang X, Tang R, Zheng Z, Su Z, Fan P, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen S 2021 J. Materiomics 7 1324
Google Scholar
[10] Perdew J P, Burke K, Ernzerhof M 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 3865
Google Scholar
[11] Vadapoo R, Krishnan S, Yilmaz H, Marin C 2011 Phys. Status Solidi B 248 700
Google Scholar
[12] Bardekn J, Shockley W 1950 Phys. Rev. 80 72
Google Scholar
[13] Xi J, Long M, Tang L, Wang D, Shuai Z 2012 Nanoscale 4 4348
Google Scholar
[14] El-Sayad E A, Moustafa A M, Marzouk S Y 2009 Physica B 404 1119
Google Scholar
[15] Zheng X, Xie Y, Zhu L, Jiang X, Jia Y, Song W, Sun Y 2002 Inorg. Chem. 41 455
Google Scholar
[16] Effective Mass Calculator for Semiconductors, Fonari A, Sutton C https://github.com/afonari/emc [2013-3-18
[17] Zhang B, Qian X 2022 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 5 492
Google Scholar
[18] Wang X, Li Z, Kavanagh S R, Ganose A M, Walsh A 2022 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 24 7195
Google Scholar
[19] Wang V, Xu N, Liu J C, Tang G, Geng W T 2021 Comput. Phys. Commun. 267 108033
Google Scholar
[20] Silva E Lora da, Skelton J M, Rodríguez-Hernández P, Muõz A, Santo M C, Martínez-García D, Vilaplana R, Manjón F J 2022 J. Mater. Chem. C 10 15061
Google Scholar
[21] Zhou Y, Leng M, Xia Z, Zhong J, Song H, Liu X, Yang B, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhou K 2014 Adv. Energy Mater. 4 1301846
Google Scholar
[22] Madelung O 1996 Semiconductor: Data Handbook (2rd Ed.) (New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergy) p204
[23] Black J, Conwell E, Seigle L, Spencer C 1957 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2 240
Google Scholar
[24] Cheng L, Liu Y 2018 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140 17895
Google Scholar
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