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Terahertz (THz) wave is an electromagnetic wave with frequency in a range of 0.1–10 THz, which possesses excellent photonic and electronic properties. THz wave has higher penetration and lower photon energy to non-polar materials, which makes it possess great academic value in medical, non-destructive testing and other related fields. In addition, the features such as wide bandwidth and large communication capacity of THz wave allow it to be widely used in communication, radar detection and other applications. Despite its rapid development in recent years, THz technology is used still mainly in free space currently and it is difficult to control the transmission direction of THz wave over a long distance in free space. What is more, the transmission of THz waves in free space is affected usually by the dust and water vapor. For achieving the efficient transmission of THz waves, researchers have proposed a variety of THz waveguides, including plastic fiber, Bragg fiber, photonic crystal fiber and anti-resonant fiber (ARF). The ARF confines the incident beam within the air hole of fiber center by the anti-resonance effect, which has aroused great interest because of its simple structure, low transmission loss, high damage threshold, low dispersion, and high transmission bandwidth. At present, adjustable THz fiber devices based on ARF are still reported rarely. In the near-infrared band, researchers have combined ARF with vanadium dioxide (VO2) to realize the exceptional modulation effects. The VO2 is a metal oxide with insulator-metal phase transition when the ambient temperature is near 68 ℃, in which its electrical conductivity, dielectric constant and other properties will change drastically. In this paper, the VO2 is coated on the inner wall of the THz ARF cladding tubes, and the effect of the phase transition of VO2 on the propagation characteristics of the ARF is studied. Simulation results indicate that in the THz band, the phase transition of VO2 will cause the anti-resonance period of the ARF to change greatly, in which the confinement effect of the ARF cladding tubes on the incident beam is converted from anti-resonant state to resonant state. Without changing the structure of the ARF, the effective modulation on the THz wave in the core of the ARF can be achieved only by controlling the phase transition of VO2, which has a wide application prospect in the field of THz adjustable devices. In this paper, a THz optical switch and a polarization controller based on VO2-coated ARF are proposed. With the optical switch being on and off, the corresponding losses are 0.5 dB/m and 110 dB/m respectively at 120 μm. If phase transition of VO2 is induced by the excitation laser, it is expected to realize a fast-optical switch. Regarding the polarization controller, the polarization state and polarization direction of the THz wave in the core of the ARF can be controlled, and the birefringence coefficient of the ARF in the polarization state is more than 1.4 × 10–4.
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Keywords:
- vanadium dioxide /
- terahertz /
- anti-resonant fiber /
- fiber devices
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图 1 VO2-ARF结构示意图
Figure 1. Cross-section diagram of VO2-ARF.
图 2 (a) VO2电导率σ不同时, 光纤的损耗随包层管壁厚t的变化; (b) VO2-ARF电磁损耗分布
Figure 2. (a) Confinement loss (CL) of VO2-ARF as a function of cladding tube wall thickness (t) under different conductivity of VO2 (σ); (b) electromagnetic loss distribution of VO2-ARF.
图 3 (a) VO2-ARF的损耗随包层管壁厚t以及VO2电导率σ的变化; (b) VO2-ARF损耗随包层管壁厚t以及VO2厚度t0的变化
Figure 3. Confinement loss (CL) of VO2-ARF as a function of cladding tube wall thickness (t) and the conductivity of VO2 (σ); (b) confinement loss (CL) of VO2-ARF as a function of cladding tube wall thickness (t) and the thickness of VO2 (t0).
图 4 (a) 光开关结构示意图; (b) 光开关处于“开”、“关”状态时, 光纤损耗随波长λ的变化曲线; (c) 光开关为开状态和(d)关状态时的电场分布图
Figure 4. (a) Cross-section diagram of optical switch; (b) when the optical switch is on and off, confinement loss (CL) of ARF as a function of incident light wavelength (λ); electric field distribution diagram when optical switch is (c) on and (d) off.
图 5 (a) 偏振调控器结构示意图; (b) 光纤实现偏振光传输时, 光纤不同偏振方向的有效折射率随激励光源光通量的变化曲线; (c) 光纤实现偏振光传输时, 光纤不同偏振方向的损耗随激励光源光通量的变化曲线
Figure 5. (a) Cross-section diagram of polarization controller; (b) effective refractive index (neff) and (c) confinement loss (CL) of ARF in orthogonal polarization directions as a function of excitation fluences of the excitation laser when ARF realizes the polarized transmission.
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[1] Zhong K, Shi W, Xu D G, Liu P X, Wang Y Y, Mei J L, Yan C, Fu S J, Yao J Q 2017 Sci. China Ser. E: Technol. Sci. 60 1801
Google Scholar
[2] Cassar Q, Al-Ibadi A, Mavarani L, Hillger P, Grzyb J, Grogan G M, Zimmer T, Pfeiffer U R, Guillet J P, Mounaix P 2018 Biomed. Opt. Express 9 2930
Google Scholar
[3] Zhang X, Guo Q, Chang T, Cui H L 2019 Polym. Test. 76 455
Google Scholar
[4] Chen Z, Ma X Y, Zhang B, Zhang Y X, Niu Z Q, Kuang N Y, Chen W J, Li L X, Li S Q 2019 China Commun. 16 1
Google Scholar
[5] Iwaszczuk K, Heiselberg H, Jepsen P U 2010 Opt. Express 18 26399
Google Scholar
[6] Hasan M R, Akter S 2017 Electron. Lett. 53 741
Google Scholar
[7] Barh A, Varshney R K, Agrawal G P, Rahman B M A, Pal B P 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 2107
Google Scholar
[8] Yao H Y, Jiang J Y, Cheng Y S, Chen Z Y, Her T H, Chang T H 2015 Opt. Express 23 27266
Google Scholar
[9] 王家璐, 杜木清, 张伶莉, 刘永军, 孙伟民 2015 64 120702
Google Scholar
Wang J L, Du M Q, Zhang L L, Liu Y J, Sun W M 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 120702
Google Scholar
[10] Yu F, Knight J C 2016 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 22 146
Google Scholar
[11] Kakiuchida H, Jin P, Nakao S, Tazawa M 2007 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46 113
Google Scholar
[12] Liu H W, Wong L M, Wang S J, Tang S H, Zhang X H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 151908
Google Scholar
[13] Shibuya K, Atsumi Y, Yoshida T, Sakakibara Y, Mori M, Sawa A 2019 Opt. Express 27 4147
Google Scholar
[14] Sánchez L, Lechago S, Sanchis P 2015 Opt. Lett. 40 1452
Google Scholar
[15] Lei D Y, Appavoo K, Ligmajer F, Sonnefraud Y, Haglund R F, Maier S A 2015 ACS Photonics 2 1306
Google Scholar
[16] Kim J T 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 3997
Google Scholar
[17] Huang Q, Ghimire I, Yang J, Fleer N, Chiang K S, Wang Y, Gao S, Wang P, Banerjee S, Lee H W H 2020 Opt. Lett. 45 4240
Google Scholar
[18] Jepsen P U, Fischer B M, Thoman A, Helm H, Suh J Y, Lopez R, Haglund R F 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 205103
Google Scholar
[19] Liu X, Chen X, Parrott E P J, Han C, Humbert G, Crunteanu A, MacPherson P 2018 APL Photonics 3 051604
Google Scholar
[20] Wang S, Cai C, You M, Liu F, Wu M, Li S, Bao H, Kang L, Werner D H 2019 Opt. Express 27 19436
Google Scholar
[21] 李佳辉, 张雅婷, 李吉宁, 李杰, 李继涛, 郑程龙, 杨悦, 黄进, 马珍珍, 马承启, 郝璇若, 姚建铨 2020 69 228101
Google Scholar
Li J H, Zhang Y T, Li J N, Li J, Li J T, Zheng C L, Yang Y, Huang J, Ma Z Z, Ma C Q, Hao X R, Yao J Q 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 228101
Google Scholar
[22] Park D J, Shin J H, Park K H, Ryu H C 2018 Opt. Express 26 17397
Google Scholar
[23] Chang T, Zhang X, Yang C, Sun Z, Cui H L 2017 Meas. Sci. Technol. 28 045002
Google Scholar
[24] Liang J, Ren L, Chen N, Zhou C 2013 Opt. Commun. 295 257
Google Scholar
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