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High-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) can produce high density and high adhesion coatings due to the high ionization. However, industrial application of HiPIMS is limited because of the unstable discharge and small deposition rate. A cylindrical cathode, developed on the basis of hollow cathode effect, can improve the discharge stability. With the development of electromagnetic systems, the plasma transport is improved, and thus increasing the deposition rate significantly. However, the introduction of electromagnetic system leads the strong discharge and large etching area on the target to be incompatibly controlled. In this work, the distribution of the tangential and longitudinal magnetic field on the target surface are improved by adding external magnets, and their effects on the plasma discharge are studied. By optimizing the magnets, the tangential magnetic field on the target surface becomes stronger and more uniform. Meanwhile, the peak of the longitudinal magnetic field increases from 73 to 96 mT and the peak location expands to two-sides of the cathode. The simulation result shows that the target etching area described by the proportion of the target area with the tangential magnetic field intensity higher than 40 mT increases from 51% to 67%, and the HiPIMS discharge studied by the particle in cell/Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) method and plasma global model shows that the ion current and spectral intensity are significantly enhanced, exhibiting a doubled Cr density of 2.6 × 1020 m–3 and an increased ionization from 90% to 92.1%. The practical Ar/Cr HiPIMS discharge is carried out separately with the original and optimized cylindrical cathode, and the results reveal that the brightness of plasma glow, the target current and the etching area all increase after the improvement. Furthermore, the ion current and the optical emission spectrum suggest that the flux of ions arriving at the substrate is approximately doubled, which means that an about doubled deposition rate of the optimized cathode is achievable.
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Keywords:
- high power impulse magnetron sputtering /
- electromagnetic coordination /
- discharge enhancement /
- transport efficiency
[1] Bohlmark J, Alami J, Christou C, Ehiasarian A P, Helmersson U 2005 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A23 18
Google Scholar
[2] 吴忠振, 田修波, 潘锋, 傅劲裕, 朱剑豪 2014 63 185207
Google Scholar
Wu Z Z, Tian X B, Pan F, Fu R K Y, Chu P K 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 185207
Google Scholar
[3] Fernandes F, Calderon V S, Ferreira P J, Cavaleiro A, Oliveira J C 2020 Surf. Coat. Technol. 397 125996
Google Scholar
[4] Yang F C, Lin C Y, Tang J F, Chang C L 2020 Surf. Coat. Technol. 388 125579
Google Scholar
[5] Liu L L, Tang W, Zhou L, Wu Z C, Ruan Q D, Li X Y, Qasim A M, Wu Z Z, Chu P K 2020 Ceram Int. 46 10814
Google Scholar
[6] Anders A 2011 Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 S1
Google Scholar
[7] Samuelsson M, Lundin D, Jensen J, Raadu M A, Gudmundsson J T, Helmersson U 2010 Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 591
Google Scholar
[8] 肖舒, 吴忠振, 崔岁寒, 刘亮亮, 郑博聪, 林海, 傅劲裕, 田修波, 潘锋, 朱剑豪 2016 65 185202
Google Scholar
Xiao S, Wu Z Z, Cui S H, Liu L L, Zheng B C, Lin H, Fu J Y, Tian X B, Pan F, Chu P K 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 185202
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
Cui S H., Wu Z Z, Xiao S, Liu L L, Zheng B C, Lin H, Fu Ricky K Y, Tian X B, Chu P K, Tan W C, Pan F 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 095203
Google Scholar
[10] 崔岁寒, 吴忠振, 肖舒, 陈磊, 李体军, 刘亮亮, 傅劲裕, 田修波, 朱剑豪, 谭文长 2019 68 195204
Google Scholar
Cui S H., Wu Z Z, Lin H, Xiao S, Chen L, Li T J, Liu L L, Fu R K Y, Tian X B, Chu P K, Tan W C 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 195204
Google Scholar
[11] 汪天龙, 邱清泉, 靖立伟, 张小波 2018 67 070703
Google Scholar
Wang T L, Qiu Q Q, Jing L W, Zhang X B 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 070703
Google Scholar
[12] Mishra A, Kelly P J, Bradley J W 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 045014
Google Scholar
[13] Luo H, Gao F, Billard A 2019 Surf. Coat. Technol. 374 822
Google Scholar
[14] Mischker F, Prenzel M, Benedikt J, et al. 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 495201
Google Scholar
[15] Čapek J, Hála M, Zabeida O, Klemberg-Sapieha J E, Martinu L 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 023301
Google Scholar
[16] Ganesan R, Akhavan B, Dong X, McKenzie D R, Bilek M M M 2018 Surf. Coat. Technol. 352 671
Google Scholar
[17] 赖建军, 余建华, 黄建军, 王新兵, 丘军林 2001 50 1528
Google Scholar
Lai J J, Yu J H, Huang J J, Wang X B, Qiu J L 2001 Acta Phys. Sin. 50 1528
Google Scholar
[18] Cui S H, Wu Z Z, Lin H, Xiao S, Zheng B C, Chen L, Li T J, Fu R K Y, Chu P K, Tian X B, Tan W C, Fang D N, Pan F 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 127 23301
Google Scholar
[19] Dawson J M 1983 Rev. Mod. Phys. 5 5
Google Scholar
[20] Vahedi V, Surendra M 1995 Comput. Phys. Commun. 8 7
Google Scholar
[21] Liebig B, Bradley J W 2013 Plasma Sources SCI. T. 22 045020
Google Scholar
[22] Debel F, Cammarate F. 1998 J. Phys D:. Appl. Phys. 31 31
Google Scholar
[23] Shidoji E, Masaharn N J. 1994 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33 4281
Google Scholar
[24] Qiu Q Q, Li Q F, Su J J 2008 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 694
Google Scholar
[25] Bohlmark J, Gudmundsson J T, Alami J 2005 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 346
Google Scholar
[26] Qiu Q Q, Li Q F, Su J J 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 1899
Google Scholar
[27] Wu Z Z, Xiao S, Ma Z Y, Cui S H Ji S P, Tian X B, Fu R K Y, Chu P K 2015 AIP Adv. 5 097178
Google Scholar
[28] Anders A 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 201501
Google Scholar
[29] Hecimovic A, Ehiasarian A P 2009 J. Phys D: Appl. 42 135209
Google Scholar
[30] Konstantinidis S, Dauchot J P, Ganciu M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 021501
Google Scholar
[31] Duquenne C, Tessier P Y, Besland M P 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 063301
Google Scholar
[32] Ogneva É Y, Raikhbaum Y D, Ognev B R 1972 J. Appl Spectrosc. 17 971
Google Scholar
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图 1 筒形溅射阴极结构示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the cylindrical cathode.
图 2 线圈电流对靶面磁场的作用规律 (a) 对切向磁场强度Bz的影响; (b)对法向磁场强度Br的影响
Figure 2. Effects of coil current on the target magnetic field: (a) Tangential magnetic field strength Bz; (b) longitudinal magnetic field strength Br.
图 3 –15 A条件下筒形溅射阴极磁铁排布示意图及其内部磁感线分布 (a), (d)优化前; (b), (e) 增加中央磁铁; (c), (f)含有中央磁场和同极小磁铁
Figure 3. Magnet arrangement and magnetic induction lines distributions in the cylindrical cathode under –15 A: (a), (d) Before improvement; (b), (e) with the central magnets; (c), (f) with the central magnets and dipole magnets.
图 4 中央磁铁磁极强度对靶面磁感应强度的影响 (a) 对切向磁感应强度Bz的影响; (b) 对法向磁感应场Br的影响
Figure 4. Effects of central magnets strength on magnetic induction lines distribution of target surface: (a) Tangential magnetic field strength Bz; (b) longitudinal magnetic field strength Br.
图 5 同极小磁铁磁极强度对靶面磁感应强度的影响 (a) 对切向磁感应强度Bz的影响; (b) 对法向磁感应场Br的影响
Figure 5. Effects of dipole magnets strength on magnetic induction lines distribution of target surface: (a) Effects on tangential magnetic field strength Bz; (b) effects on longitudinal magnetic field strength Br.
图 6 中央磁铁与靶后端面距离对靶面磁场强度的影响 (a) 对切向磁感应强度Bz的影响; (b) 对法向磁感应场Br的影响
Figure 6. Effects of distance between the central magnets and the rear face of target on magnetic induction lines distribution of target surface: (a) Tangential magnetic field strength Bz; (b) longitudinal magnetic field strength Br.
图 7 优化前和优化后靶面磁场分布及放电预测 (a), (b) 切向磁场Bz分布; (c), (d) 法向磁场Br分布; (e), (f) 0.4 μs时放电Ar+离子密度分布
Figure 7. The magnetic distribution of target surface and the discharge prediction before and after improvement: (a), (b) The tangential magnetic field strength Bz; (c), (d) the longitudinal magnetic field strength Br; (e), (f) the distributions of Ar+ ions at 0.4 μs.
图 8 靶面放电宽度及强度图 (a)优化前和(b)优化后放电宽度; (c)优化前和(d)优化后放电辉光图
Figure 8. The etching width and plasma flow pictures: The etching width (a) before and (b) after the improvement; the plasma flow pictures (c) before and (d) after the improvement.
图 9 不同电压下靶电压、靶电流及离子电流 优化前的 (a)靶电压、(c)靶电流及(e)离子电流曲线; 优化后的(b)靶电压、(d)靶电流及(f)离子电流曲线
Figure 9. Target voltage, target current and ion current curves under different target voltages: (a), (c), (e) Before the improvement; (b), (d), (f) after the improvement.
图 10 (a) 金属粒子浓度; (b) 离化率及电子温度变化图
Figure 10. (a) Metal particle concentration; (b) ionization rate and electron temperature before and after the improvement.
图 11 中央轴处的原子发射光谱(OES)强度 (a) 优化前光谱强度; (b)优化后光谱强度
Figure 11. The OES intensity at the center axis of cylindrical cathode: (a) Before the improvement; (b) after the improvement.
表 1 Ar气放电的主要反应表
Table 1. The main reactions of simple Ar gas discharge.
反应方程式 反应能量/eV 反应类型 ${{{\rm e}}} + {{\rm Ar}} \to {{\rm Ar}} + {{{\rm e}}}$ — 弹性 ${{{\rm e}}} + {{\rm Ar}} \to {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + } + 2{{{\rm e}}}$ 15.76 电离 ${{{\rm e}}} + {{\rm Ar}} \to {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^m} + {{{\rm e}}}$ 11.56 激发 ${{{\rm e}}} + {\operatorname{Ar} ^m} \to {{\rm Ar}} + {{{\rm e}}}$ –11.56 退激发 ${{{\rm e}}} + {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^m} \to {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + } + 2{{{\rm e}}}$ 4.2 电离 ${{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + } + {{\rm Ar}} \to {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + } + {{\rm Ar}}$ — 弹性 ${{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + } + {{\rm Ar}} \to {{\rm Ar}} + {{\rm A}}{{{\rm r}}^ + }$ — 电荷交换 
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[1] Bohlmark J, Alami J, Christou C, Ehiasarian A P, Helmersson U 2005 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A23 18
Google Scholar
[2] 吴忠振, 田修波, 潘锋, 傅劲裕, 朱剑豪 2014 63 185207
Google Scholar
Wu Z Z, Tian X B, Pan F, Fu R K Y, Chu P K 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 185207
Google Scholar
[3] Fernandes F, Calderon V S, Ferreira P J, Cavaleiro A, Oliveira J C 2020 Surf. Coat. Technol. 397 125996
Google Scholar
[4] Yang F C, Lin C Y, Tang J F, Chang C L 2020 Surf. Coat. Technol. 388 125579
Google Scholar
[5] Liu L L, Tang W, Zhou L, Wu Z C, Ruan Q D, Li X Y, Qasim A M, Wu Z Z, Chu P K 2020 Ceram Int. 46 10814
Google Scholar
[6] Anders A 2011 Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 S1
Google Scholar
[7] Samuelsson M, Lundin D, Jensen J, Raadu M A, Gudmundsson J T, Helmersson U 2010 Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 591
Google Scholar
[8] 肖舒, 吴忠振, 崔岁寒, 刘亮亮, 郑博聪, 林海, 傅劲裕, 田修波, 潘锋, 朱剑豪 2016 65 185202
Google Scholar
Xiao S, Wu Z Z, Cui S H, Liu L L, Zheng B C, Lin H, Fu J Y, Tian X B, Pan F, Chu P K 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 185202
Google Scholar
[9] 崔岁寒, 吴忠振, 肖舒, 刘亮亮, 郑博聪, 林海, 傅劲裕, 田修波, 朱剑豪, 谭文长, 潘锋 2017 66 095203
Google Scholar
Cui S H., Wu Z Z, Xiao S, Liu L L, Zheng B C, Lin H, Fu Ricky K Y, Tian X B, Chu P K, Tan W C, Pan F 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 095203
Google Scholar
[10] 崔岁寒, 吴忠振, 肖舒, 陈磊, 李体军, 刘亮亮, 傅劲裕, 田修波, 朱剑豪, 谭文长 2019 68 195204
Google Scholar
Cui S H., Wu Z Z, Lin H, Xiao S, Chen L, Li T J, Liu L L, Fu R K Y, Tian X B, Chu P K, Tan W C 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 195204
Google Scholar
[11] 汪天龙, 邱清泉, 靖立伟, 张小波 2018 67 070703
Google Scholar
Wang T L, Qiu Q Q, Jing L W, Zhang X B 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 070703
Google Scholar
[12] Mishra A, Kelly P J, Bradley J W 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 045014
Google Scholar
[13] Luo H, Gao F, Billard A 2019 Surf. Coat. Technol. 374 822
Google Scholar
[14] Mischker F, Prenzel M, Benedikt J, et al. 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 495201
Google Scholar
[15] Čapek J, Hála M, Zabeida O, Klemberg-Sapieha J E, Martinu L 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 023301
Google Scholar
[16] Ganesan R, Akhavan B, Dong X, McKenzie D R, Bilek M M M 2018 Surf. Coat. Technol. 352 671
Google Scholar
[17] 赖建军, 余建华, 黄建军, 王新兵, 丘军林 2001 50 1528
Google Scholar
Lai J J, Yu J H, Huang J J, Wang X B, Qiu J L 2001 Acta Phys. Sin. 50 1528
Google Scholar
[18] Cui S H, Wu Z Z, Lin H, Xiao S, Zheng B C, Chen L, Li T J, Fu R K Y, Chu P K, Tian X B, Tan W C, Fang D N, Pan F 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 127 23301
Google Scholar
[19] Dawson J M 1983 Rev. Mod. Phys. 5 5
Google Scholar
[20] Vahedi V, Surendra M 1995 Comput. Phys. Commun. 8 7
Google Scholar
[21] Liebig B, Bradley J W 2013 Plasma Sources SCI. T. 22 045020
Google Scholar
[22] Debel F, Cammarate F. 1998 J. Phys D:. Appl. Phys. 31 31
Google Scholar
[23] Shidoji E, Masaharn N J. 1994 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33 4281
Google Scholar
[24] Qiu Q Q, Li Q F, Su J J 2008 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 10 694
Google Scholar
[25] Bohlmark J, Gudmundsson J T, Alami J 2005 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 346
Google Scholar
[26] Qiu Q Q, Li Q F, Su J J 2008 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 36 1899
Google Scholar
[27] Wu Z Z, Xiao S, Ma Z Y, Cui S H Ji S P, Tian X B, Fu R K Y, Chu P K 2015 AIP Adv. 5 097178
Google Scholar
[28] Anders A 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 201501
Google Scholar
[29] Hecimovic A, Ehiasarian A P 2009 J. Phys D: Appl. 42 135209
Google Scholar
[30] Konstantinidis S, Dauchot J P, Ganciu M 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 021501
Google Scholar
[31] Duquenne C, Tessier P Y, Besland M P 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 063301
Google Scholar
[32] Ogneva É Y, Raikhbaum Y D, Ognev B R 1972 J. Appl Spectrosc. 17 971
Google Scholar
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