Recent advances in silk-based wearable sensors

Li Sheng-You; Liu Jia-Rong; Wen Hao; Liu Xiang-Yang; Guo Wen-Xi

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20200818

Abstract

In recent years, wearable electronics has received extensive attention, providing new opportunities for implementing health monitoring, human disease diagnosis and treatment, and intelligent robotics. Sensor is one of the key components of wearable electronics. Silk (Bombyx Mori) material shows unique features including high yield, excellent tensile strength (0.5–1.3 GPa) and toughness ((6–16) × 10⁴ J/kg), good biocompatibility, programmable/controllable biodegradability, novel dielectric properties, and various material formats. With the rapid development of biomaterials and related manufacturing technologies, advanced silk-based materials have been studied and applied to wearable sensors. Here, we firstly introduce the five-level structure of silk fibroin from bottom to top and characteristics of silk-based advanced materials, and then review the research progress of silk-based advanced materials in wearable sensors in recent years, including mechanical sensors, electrophysiological sensors, temperature sensors and humidity sensors. The working mechanism, structure and performance of different sensors, the role of silk proteins in them, and their applications in health monitoring are discussed and summarized. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of silk-based wearable sensors in practical applications are put forward.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
2.
Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore

Corresponding author: Guo Wen-Xi, wxguo@xmu.edu.cn

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References

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Cited By

图 1 蚕丝基先进材料应用于柔性电子领域的时间发展线　生物可吸收电子^[3](2009); 超共形电子^[21](2010); 柔性OTFTs^[22](2011); 瞬态电子^[5](2012); 共形无线生物传感器^[30](2012); 柔性太阳能电池^[31](2014); 生物摩擦发电机^[32](2015); 生物忆阻器^[33](2015); 碳化丝织物(CSF)可穿戴应变传感器^[34](2016); 蚕丝衍生的碳基电子皮肤^[35](2017年); 皮肤可拉伸电极^[36](2018); 基于生物可降解和可拉伸蛋白质的传感器^[37](2019); 全纺织电子皮肤^[38](2019); 可调温度的电子皮肤^[39] (2020)

Figure 1. The timeline of the development of silk-based advanced materials for soft electronics: Bioresorbable electronics^[3] (2009); ultraconformal bioelectronics^[21](2010); flexible OTFTs^[22] (2011); transient electronics^[22](2012); conformal wireless biosensors^[22](2012); flexible solar cells^[31] (2014); bio-triboelectric generator^[31] (2015); bio-memristor^[33] (2015); carbonized silk fabric (CSF) wearable strain sensors^[34] (2016); silk-derived carbon based E-skins^[35] (2017); on-skin stretchable electrodes^[36] (2018); biodegradable and stretchable protein-based sensor^[37] (2019); all-textile electronic skin^[38] (2019); electronic skin for human thermoregulation^[39] (2020).

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图 2 SF纤维和非纤维材料的层级网络结构示意图^[46]　Lv1: 氨基酸序列; Lv2: α-螺旋和β-折叠; Lv3: β-微晶; Lv4: β-晶体网络; Lv5: 纳米纤维网络

Figure 2. Schema of the hierarchical network structures of SF fibers and none-fiber silk materials^[46]. Lv1: the amino acid sequence; Lv2: α-helix & β-sheet; Lv3: β-crystallites; Lv4: crystal network; Lv5: nanofibrils network.

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图 3 蚕丝基材料的介观功能化 (a) SF和GO之间的键合^[47]; (b) 热处理下β片和无规则卷曲之间可调控的结构变化^[17]; (c) 一种蚕丝基忆阻器^[33]; (d) 用于生物摩擦发电机的蚕丝纳米纤维膜^[32]; (e) β-折叠衍生的碳结构的基本示意图^[64]

Figure 3. Mesoscopic functionalization of silk-based materials: (a) The chemical bonding between SF and GO^[47]; (b) the revisable structure changes of β-sheets and random coils under high thermal treatment^[17]; (c) a silk-based memristor^[33]; (d) silk nanofiber membrane for bio-triboelectric generator^[32]; (e) schematic of β-sheet-derived carbon basic structural units^[64].

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图 4 蚕丝基应变传感器的设计　(a)一种皮芯结构的石墨/蚕丝柔性应变传感器^[34]; (b)一种基于碳化蚕丝织物的可穿戴应变传感器^[65]; (c)一种用于监测人体运动的RSF基水凝胶^[67]; (d)一种RSF基的单电极TENG和应变传感器整合平台^[68]

Figure 4. Design of silk-based strain sensor: (a) A graphite/silk flexible strain sensor with sheath-core structure^[34]; (b) a wearable strain sensor based on carbonized silk fabric^[65]; (c) an RSF-based hydrogel for monitoring human movement^[67]; (d) an RSF-based single electrode TENG and strain sensor integrated platform^[68].

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图 5 蚕丝基压力传感器的设计　(a)一种RSF基的生物相容和可降解压力传感器^[37]; (b)一种蚕丝包裹的纤维基压力传感器^[69]; (c)一种基于蚕丝织物的无线压力传感器^[38]

Figure 5. Design of silk-based pressure sensor: (a) An RSF-based biocompatible and degradable pressure sensor^[37]; (b) a silk fiber wrapped fibrous pressure sensors^[69]; (c) an wireless pressure sensor based on silk fabric^[38].

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图 6 RSF基电生理传感器的设计　(a)一种用于EMG监测的RSF塑化电极^[36]; (b)一种Ca²⁺改性的RSF胶粘剂^[72]; (c)一种用于ECG监测的可穿戴Ag NW/RSF电极^[73]

Figure 6. Design of RSF-based electrophysiological sensors: (a) An RSF plasticized electrode for EMG monitoring^[36]; (b) a Ca²⁺ modified RSF adhesive^[72]; (c) a wearable Ag NW/RSF electrode for ECG monitoring^[73].

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图 7 蚕丝基温度和湿度传感器的设计　(a)一种蚕丝衍生的可穿戴温度和压力传感器^[74]; (b)一种可监测温度和压力蚕丝基电子织物^[69]; (c)一种基于RSF的可自愈的多功能电子纹身^[75]; (d)一种可控温的RSF基耐热电子皮肤^[39]

Figure 7. Design of silk-based temperature and humidity sensor: (a) A silk-derived wearable temperature and pressure sensor^[74]; (b) a silk-based electronic fabric for temperature and pressure sensing^[69]; (c) a self-healable multifunctional electronic tattoos based on RSF^[75]; (d) an RSF-based heat-resistant electronic skin for thermoregulation^[39].

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表 1 蚕丝基可穿戴传感器的材料特性和功能总结

Table 1. Summary of properties and functions of silk-based wearable sensors.

传感器类型	传感材料	基底材料	信号	应用	文献
应变	蚕丝纤维和Gr	Ecoflex	电阻	关节运动	[34]
应变	碳化的丝织物	Ecoflex	电阻	人体运动	[65]
应变	PSB	PSB	电阻	手指运动	[67]
应变	Ag NWs	RSF膜	电流	人体运动	[68]
压力	CSFM	PDMS	电流	脉搏运动	[35]
应变+压力	Ag NFs和Ecoflex	RSF膜	电容	手臂运动	[37]
压力	蚕丝纤维和Ag NWs	Ecoflex	电容	智能织物	[69]
压力	rGO	蚕丝织物	电阻	脉搏运动	[48]
压力	Ag NWs	蚕丝织物	电容	手臂运动	[38]
电生理	Au	RSF膜	电阻	肌电图	[36]
电生理	Ag/AgCl	RSF水凝胶	电压	心电图	[72]
电生理	Ag NWs	RSF水凝胶	电压	心电图	[73]
温度+压力	碳化的丝纤维	PET	电阻	电子皮肤	[74]
温度	离子液体和丝纤维	Ecoflex	电阻	智能织物	[69]
温度+加热器	Ag NFs + Pt	RSF膜	电阻	电子皮肤	[39]
湿度	Gr	RSF膜	电阻	表皮电子	[75]
应变+湿度+温度	IDE (Ag NWs)	RSF膜	电容	呼吸监测	[81]

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[1]	Wu J, Li M, Chen W Q, Kim D H, Kim Y S, Huang Y G, Hwang K C, Kang Z, Rogers J A 2010 Acta Mech. Sin. 26 881 Google Scholar
[2]	Yu C, Zhang Y, Cheng D, Li X, Huang Y, Rogers J A 2014 Small 10 1266 Google Scholar
[3]	Kim D H, Kim Y S, Amsden J, Panilaitis B, Kaplan D L, Omenetto F G, Zakin M R, Rogers J A 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 133701 Google Scholar
[4]	Christian M, Mahiar H, Roger K, Ronnie J, Rebeca M, My H, Olle I S 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 898 Google Scholar
[5]	Hwang S W, Rogers J A 2012 Science 337 1640 Google Scholar
[6]	Hsieh C Y, Hwang J C, Chang T H, Li J Y, Chen S H, Mao L K, Tsai L S, Chueh Y L, Lyu P C, Hsu S S H 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 023303 Google Scholar
[7]	Irimia V M, Troshin P A, Reisinger M, Shmygleva L, Kanbur Y, Schwabegger G, Bodea M, Schwödiauer R, Mumyatov A, Fergus J W 2010 Adv. Funct. Mater. 20 4069 Google Scholar
[8]	Yumusak C, Singh T B, Sariciftci N S, Grote J G 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 341
[9]	Hagen J A, Li W, Steckl A J, Grote J G 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 1772
[10]	Wang Z, Tammela P, Zhang P, Stromme M, Nyholm L 2014 J. Mater. Chem. A 2 16761 Google Scholar
[11]	Bettinger C J, Zhenan B 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 651 Google Scholar
[12]	Irimia V M, Sariciftci N S, Bauer S 2011 J. Mater. Chem. 21 1350 Google Scholar
[13]	Bettinger C J, Bao Z 2010 Polym. Int. 59 563
[14]	Vepari C, Kaplan D L 2007 Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 991 Google Scholar
[15]	Rui F P P, Silva M M, Bermudez V D Z 2016 Macromol. Mater. Eng. 300 1171
[16]	Kundu B, Rajkhowa R, Kundu S C, Wang X 2013 Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 65 457 Google Scholar
[17]	Cebe P, Hu X, Kaplan D L, Zhuravlev E, Wurm A, Arbeiter D, Schick C 2013 Sci. Rep. 3 1130 Google Scholar
[18]	Altman G H, Diaz F, Jakuba C, Calabro T, Horan R L, Chen J, Lu H, Richmond J, Kaplan D L 2003 Biomaterials 24 401 Google Scholar
[19]	Liu Y, Sun Q, Wang S, Long R, Fan J, Chen A, Wu W 2016 Sci. Adv. Mater. 8 1045 Google Scholar
[20]	Li X, Qin J, Ma J 2015 Regen. Biomater. 2 97 Google Scholar
[21]	Kim D H, Viventi J, Amsden J J, Xiao J, Vigeland L, Kim Y S, Blanco J A, Panilaitis B, Frechette E S, Contreras D, Kaplan D L, Omenetto F G, Huang Y, Hwang K C, Zakin M R, Litt B, Rogers J A 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 511 Google Scholar
[22]	Hwang S W, Tao H, Kim D H, Cheng H, Song J K, Rill E, Brenckle M A, Panilaitis B, Sang M W, Kim Y S 2011 Science 337 1640
[23]	Hota M K, Bera M K, Kundu B, Kundu S C, Maiti C K 2012 Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 4493 Google Scholar
[24]	Jung S, Kim J H, Kim J, Choi S, Lee J, Park I, Hyeon T, Kim D H 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 4825 Google Scholar
[25]	Jeong J W, Yeo W H, Akhtar A, Norton J J S, Kwack Y J, Li S, Jung S Y, Su Y, Lee W, Xia J, Cheng H, Huang Y, Choi W S, Bretl T, Rogers J A 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 6839 Google Scholar
[26]	He X, Zi Y, Yu H, Zhang S L, Wang J, Ding W, Zou H, Zhang W, Lu C, Wang Z L 2017 Nano Energy 39 328 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang T 2017 Small 13 1602790 Google Scholar
[28]	Cheng Y, Lu X, Chan K H, Wang R, Cao Z, Sun J, Ho G W 2017 Nano Energy 41 511 Google Scholar
[29]	Dubal D P, Chodankar N R, Kim D H, Gomezromero P 2018 Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 2065 Google Scholar
[30]	Mannoor M S, Tao H, Clayton J D, Sengupta A, Kaplan D L, Naik R R, Verma N, Omenetto F G, McAlpine M C 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 763 Google Scholar
[31]	Liu Y, Qi N, Song T, Jia M, Xia Z, Yuan Z, Yuan W, Zhang K Q, Sun B 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 20670 Google Scholar
[32]	Kim H J, Kim J H, Jun K W, Kim J H, Seung W C, Kwon O H, Park J Y, Kim S W, Oh I K 2016 Adv. Energy Mater. 6 1502329 Google Scholar
[33]	Wang H, Du Y, Li Y, Zhu B, Wan R L, Li Y, Pan J, Tao W, Chen X 2015 Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 3825 Google Scholar
[34]	Zhang M, Wang C, Wang Q, Jian M, Zhang Y 2016 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 20894 Google Scholar
[35]	Qi W, Jian M, Wang C, Zhang Y 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1605657 Google Scholar
[36]	Chen G, Matsuhisa N, Liu Z, Qi D, Cai P, Jiang Y, Wan C, Cui Y, Leow W R, Liu Z 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1800129 Google Scholar
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