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In recent years, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofiber membranes, as key materials for applications in sensors, energy harvesters, and flexible electronics, have received significant attention due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, the research on the piezoelectric performance of PVDF membranes is still limited because of their intrinsic structure and material characteristics. Therefore, in this work, the effects of filler doping on the properties of PVDF nanofiber membranes are investigated to enhance their piezoelectric performance and stability. Using electrospinning technology, electret particles are incorporated into PVDF nanofiber membranes at different concentrations (e.g. 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). Characterization tests of the composite nanofiber membranes, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), reveal that the doping of electret particles can increase the average fiber diameter and enhance the β-phase content. In the piezoelectric performance tests, the piezoelectric sensors made of nanofiber membranes doped with electric particles show significant improvement in electrical output at a test pressure of 20 N. Furthermore, increasing the membrane area and using higher pressure can further enhance the electrical output. These results show that the piezoelectric properties of PVDF membranes can be effectively improved by appropriately doping electric particles. Stability tests carried out three months after sensor was fabricated shows that the electrical output stability of the piezoelectric sensors containing electric particles has been significantly improved. Additionally, an efficient signal processing method is proposed, with an FIR digital low-pass filter used to remove high-frequency noise. This method is not only a smoothing prior method to eliminate baseline drift, but also an improved AMPD algorithm to accurately detect the peak position and features of the piezoelectric signal. This method can significantly enhance the stability and accuracy of signal feature extraction. All in all, this study presents a simple and effective approach to improving the piezoelectric performance and electrical output stability of PVDF nanofiber membranes through the combination of filler doping and electrospinning technology. This method not only optimizes the performance of PVDF-based composites but also provides new insights into and technical support for their broad applications in energy collection, smart sensors, flexible electronic devices, and other fields.
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Keywords:
- electrospinning /
- electret particles /
- PVDF nanofiber membranes /
- signal processing
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图 1 (a) 正压电效应; (b) 逆压电效应
Figure 1. (a) Positive piezoelectric effect; (b) converse piezoelectric effect.
图 2 压电传感器在不同状态下的工作原理 (a) 未施加压力; (b) 施加压力
Figure 2. Working principle of piezoelectric sensors in different states: (a) No pressure applied; (b) with pressure applied.
图 3 (a)—(f) 压电传感器的制备过程; (g) 制备的压电膜的照片; (h) 压电膜的显微镜照片
Figure 3. (a)–(f) Fabrication process of the piezoelectric sensors; (g) picture of fabricated piezoelectric membrane; (h) microscope picture of the piezoelectric membrane.
图 4 (a)—(d) 不同浓度纳米复合薄膜的SEM图像及纳米纤维直径分布图; (e) PVDF和掺杂EtP的纳米复合薄膜的XRD谱图
Figure 4. (a)–(d) SEM images and nanofiber diameter distribution maps of nanocomposite films with different concentrations; (e) XRD spectra of PVDF and EtP doped nanocomposite films.
图 5 (a) 压电传感器的测试系统和传感器样品; (b) 不同PVDF/EtP浓度传感器的输出电压测试; (c) 输出电压与传感器尺寸之间的关系; (d) 输出电压与施加力之间的关系; (e) 制备传感器在不同施加力下的平均输出电压幅度; (f)压电系数测试
Figure 5. (a) Testing system of the piezoelectric sensors and a sensor sample; (b) the output voltage testing of the sensors with various PVDF/EtP concentration; (c) relationship between the output voltage and the sensor size; (d) relationship between the output voltage and the applied force; (e) the average output voltage magnitude of fabricated sensors under different force; (f) piezoelectric coefficient test.
图 6 传感器在20000次振动循环下的长期稳定性, 插图显示了不同循环周期下的信号, 新制备传感器的重复性测试 (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF. 制备3个月后传感器的重复性测试 (c) 1% PVDF/EtP; (d) 10% PVDF
Figure 6. The long-term stability of the sensor under 20000 vibration cycles is shown in the illustration, which displays the signals at different cycle periods, repeatability testing of newly fabricated sensors: (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF. Repeatability testing of sensors fabricated three months before: (a) 1% PVDF/EtP; (b) 10% PVDF.
图 7 (a) 基于PVDF/EtP纳米纤维压电传感器的系统工作流程; (b) 硬件系统照片; (c) 基于PVDF/EtP纳米纤维的压电传感器用于检测, 其中(Ⅰ)为手指按压; (Ⅱ)为肘部弯曲
Figure 7. (a) System workflow based on PVDF/EtP nanofiber piezoelectric sensor; (b) hardware system photos; (c) a piezoelectric sensor based on PVDF/EtP nanofibers is used for detecting, where (I) represents finger pressure; (II) represents bend the elbow.
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