Advances in surface-enhanced optical forces and optical manipulations

Wang Han-Cong; Li Zhi-Peng

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190606

Abstract

The localized surface plasmons in metal nanostructures under optical excitation will lead to near-field localization and enhancement, which have shown important applications in surface enhancement spectroscopy, ultra-sensitive sensing, microfluidic chip, enhanced optical force, etc. The plasmon resonance and the resulting electric field enhancement strongly depend on wavelength and structure geometry. As a result, the optical force will be closely related to the field distribution, that is, the optical force can be used to manipulate and sort plasmonic metal structures. The large near-field enhancement and gradient of metal nanoparticle aggregates can also be used as a " plasmonic tweezer” to manipulate other particles. Furthermore, in the case of changing the incident polarization and even for a new type of structured laser beam, the optical manipulation has a higher degree of freedom. In this review, having briefly introduced the plasmon-enhanced optical force, we focus on the recent advances in the following three aspects: 1) the manipulation of plasmonic nanoparticles by optical tweezer, 2) the manipulation of other particles by plasmonic tweezer, and 3) dependence of plasmonic optical force on the polarization, optical angular momentum, structured light and the structured chirality. Comparing with other topics of plasmon- enhanced light-interactions, there is plenty of room for further developing the plasmon-enhanced optical force and optical manipulation. Several research trends can be foreseen. 1) More precise optical manipulating and sorting of nanoparticles (even sub-nanometer). For example, more sensitive special resonant modes (e.g. Fano resonance) of plasmonic nanostructure can be utilized. For some nanostructures with small feature sizes, especially when the gap size is close to 1 nm, the non-local effect has a certain effect on the plasmon resonance. Therefore, when calculating the optical force in this case, non-local effects and possibly other quantum effects should be considered. 2) Richer laser fields, that is, using various new structured fields and chiral structures provides a higher degree of freedom for the optical forces and optical manipulation. Also, the localized surface plasmons can be combined with propagating surface plasmons. 3) Wider applications of plasmonic optical forces, especially in combination with other effects and even interdiscipline, e.g. enhanced spectroscopy, enhanced single particle chemical reactions, nonlinear optical effects, and photothermal manipulations.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Wang Han-Cong^1,2,
Li Zhi-Peng²

1.
Fujian Key Laboratory of Automotive Electronics and Electric Drive, School of Information Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350108, China
2.
The Beijing Key Laboratory for Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China

Corresponding author: Li Zhi-Peng, zpli@cnu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11774245, 11704266), the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (Grant No. 151010), the Training Program of the Major Research Plan of Capital Normal University, China, and the Startup Foundation for New Faculty of Fujian University of Technology, China (Grant No. GY-Z160049).

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Cited By

图 1 (a)银纳米颗粒二聚体和三聚体间隙中心点的光学势^[31]; (b)纳米间隙附近光学势的空间分布^[31]; (c)光学力与电场增强的比较^[32]; (d)偏振平行或垂直于大小不对称二聚体轴时的光学力^[33]; (e)光学力与范德瓦耳斯力的比较^[34]; (f)领结型二聚体的光学力分布^[37]

Figure 1. (a) Simulated optical potential U(λ) at the gap between Ag nanoparticles (d = 1 nm) in a trimer and a dimer system in water with a plane wave polarized parallel to the symmetry axis^[31]; (b) spatial variation of optical potential U around a trimer (R = 25 nm, d = 1 nm) gap excited at a surface plasmon resonance (λ = 760 nm)^[31]; (c) a comparison of the field enhancement to the optical force at the surface of one nanoparticle in the gap^[32]; (d) calculated optical force for Ag and Au nanoparticle heterodimers (R₁ = 10 nm, R₂ = 10−40 nm, d = 2 nm) in the parallel and perpendicular polarization with different energies^[33]; (e) the resonant optical force for Ag dimer (R = 30 nm), compared to the van der Waals attraction (black) with the energy of 3 eV (blue) and 3.3 eV (red)^[34]; (f) optical force map of a bowtie antenna shows hot spots near the gap and two sides^[37].

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图 2 (a)光学捕获形成颗粒二聚体后的SERS的增强^[40]; (b)激光辐射金纳米颗粒成链及其共振峰的变化^[44]; (c)二聚体的光学力成像^[47]; (d)AFM辅助的Al-Au纳米盘二聚体形变^[49]; (e) AFM和暗场散射光谱仪结合实现纳米光学力控制^[50]

Figure 2. (a) Dark-field images of an Ag nano particle and its dimer. The immobilized particle (I) and trapped particle (T) shows no SERS signal. When T being near-field contact with I, the dimer (P) shows an enhanced SERS signal^[40]. (b) The threads develop after adding CB molecules and incident fs laser. A dip at the laser wavelength and a peak at the TCPs emerge^[44]. (c) Photo-induced force image of an e-beam fabricated gold dimers. The incident polarization is parallel to the dimer axis^[47]. (d) Schematic and SEM images of reshaping of Al-Au nanodisk heterodimers before (left) and after (right) illumination^[49]. (e) Schematic of the optical manipulation set-up consisting of an AFM and a dark-field scattering spectroscopy system^[50].

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图 3 (a)硅核-金壳纳米颗粒能流在高斯激发下的能流^[55]; (b)光学势与颗粒半径的关系^[55]; (c)金核-银壳纳米颗粒示意图^[56]; (d)光学力与波长、核半径的关系^[56]

Figure 3. (a) Energy flow of a Si-Au core-shell sphere under Gaussian beam excitation. The particle is positioned at x = w₀/2. The beam waist w₀ = 0.5 μm. The white curve and color scale are the direction and logarithmic modulus of the energy flow, respectively^[55]. (b) Potential well as a function of the radius under the excitation of λ = 410 nm (black) and 830 nm (red)^[55]. (c) Schematic of an Au-Ag core-shell sphere^[56]. (d) Phase diagrams of longitudinal optical force F_z acting on the sphere^[56].

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图 4 金属纳米颗粒形成的等离激元镊　(a)单颗粒阵列^[68]; (b)纳米颗粒二聚体阵列^[79]; (c)纳米棒二聚体^[80]; (d)领结型二聚体^[82]; (e)领结型纳米孔^[84]; (f)同轴纳米孔^[85]

Figure 4. Plasmonic tweezer: (a) Schematic of the gold particle pattern^[68]; (b) schematics of a nanodots substrate^[79]; (c) schematic of the individual dimer with a 10 nm gap^[80]; (d) Au bowtie nano antenna arrays for highly efficient manipulation^[82]; (e) SIBA trapping of a holey fiber, the incident polarization is parallel along the gap axis to excite its transverse mode^[84]; (f) optical trapping with a gold coaxial nano-aperture (10 nm gap)^[85].

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图 5 入射偏振变化引起的金属纳米颗粒转动和纳米马达　(a)银纳米线自转^[94]; (b)金纳米颗粒自转^[95]; (c)金纳米棒自转^[96]; (d)纳米颗粒绕金纳米柱公转^[99]; (e)二聚体转向^[100]

Figure 5. Rotation and plasmonic nanomotor. (a) The dark-field images show a silver nanowire is rotated by turning the incident polarization (red arrows)^[94]. (b) Schematic of the gold nanoparticle trapped between two glass planes rotates by absorbing spin angular momentum from the circularly polarized beam^[95]. (c) Schematic of the gold nanorod rotates in solutions through plasmonic torques of circularly polarized beam^[96]. (d) Schematic of trapping and rotation of a nanosphere by the gold nanopillar with linearly polarized light^[99]. (e) Schematic of the silver nanoparticle dimer orient along the incident polarization. Two orthogonal polarizations can determine the dimer angle by the difference in the spectral intensity peak^[100].

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图 6 (a)方解石晶体自转^[108]; (b)拉盖尔-高斯光入射下的单个金纳米颗粒运动情况的空间分布^[110]; (c)光涡旋引起银纳米线自转^[111]; (d) PSPs捕获金颗粒^[114]; (e)万字形金纳米马达^[118]

Figure 6. (a) A calcite crystal is parallel with the polarization of the laser beam^[108]; (b) spatial points of the movement of a gold nanoparticle with Laguerre-Gaussian beam of L = 2 at λ = 488 nm with 120 mW laser power^[110]; (c) schematic of the rotation of a Ag nanowire on a glass substrate induced by an optical vortex^[111]; (d) schematic of the metal particles trapped by a PSPs virtual probe^[114]; (e) schematic of the gold nano-motor, sandwiched between two silica disks (300 nm thick, 2.2 mm × 2.2 mm). The large silica disk reduces the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles^[118].

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