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In this paper, the grain and grain boundary characteristics of pure rutile TiO2 under pressure are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy equipped with diamond anvil cell (DAC). Only one semi-circle can be detected under each pressure in a range of 1.4–11.5 GPa. With the pressure increasing, the shape of semi-circle is unchanged, while the size of semi-circle gradually decreases, which can be attributed to the decrease of bulk resistance due to the reduction of band gap under pressure. The absence of grain boundary characteristic in the impedance spectra signifying that Schottky barrier is not present at the grain boundaries. With further increasing pressure, an interesting phenomenon can be observed above 12.7 GPa. The shape of semi-circle is distorted, and exhibits two overlapping semi-circles. The first semi-circle (high frequency) originates from the contribution of bulk, and the second one (low frequency) can be ascribed to the effect of grain boundary. The occurrence of grain boundary semicircle indicates that the aggregation of space charges at the grain boundary. In this case, the phase transformation from rutile to baddeleyite structure occurs, the electric transport mechanism is changed, and new lattice defects are formed. Also, two discontinuous points (11.5 and 15.4 GPa) can be detected in the resistance curve. The remarkable change of resistance occurs at 12.7 GPa which is corresponding to the phase transition from rutile to baddeleyite phase. The occurrence of phase transition leads the new interfacial energy to occur, the total energy of system to increase, and the movement of carriers to impede. Thus, the resistance increases significantly, and the maximum value occurs at 15 GPa. Further analysis indicates that the space charge potential is modified with pressure increasing, implying that the electrical transport properties of TiO2 are related closely to phase transition. With the pressure increasing from 12.7 to 25.2 GPa, the irregular change of space charge potential can be attributed to the rutile and baddeleyite phase coexisting. When the pressure is higher than 25.2 GPa, the space charge potential is a constant (about 30 mV). According to the investigations, the TiO2 grain boundary space charge potential under pressure is mainly contributed from two parts: the electrostatic interaction and the elastic interaction.
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Keywords:
- high pressure /
- TiO2 /
- impedance spectroscopy /
- grain boundary
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图 1 (a) 金刚石砧面上微电路结构示意图, 1-钼电极, 2-在钼膜上沉积的Al2O3绝缘层, 3-沉积到金刚石砧面上的Al2O3, 4-裸露的金刚石砧面, A和B为微电路的接触端; (b) 金刚石对顶砧的剖面示意图
Figure 1. (a) The configuration of a complete microcircuit on a diamond anvil: 1-the Mo electrodes, 2-the Al2O3 layer deposited on the Mo film, 3-the Al2O3 layer deposited on the diamond anvil, 4-exposed diamond anvil, A and B are the contact ends of the microcircuit; (b) the cross section of the designed diamond-anvil-cell.
图 2 金红石相TiO2在0—12 GPa压力范围内阻抗谱变化示意图 (a) 1.4 GPa; (b) 4.2 GPa; (c) 8.5 GPa; (d) 11.5 GPa
Figure 2. The impedance spectra of TiO2 measured within 0−12 GPa in DAC: (a) 1.4 GPa; (b) 4.2 GPa; (c) 8.5 GPa; (d) 11.5 GPa.
图 3 TiO2在高压环境下(12.7—39.9 GPa)测量的阻抗谱变化曲线
Figure 3. The impedance spectra of TiO2 measured under high pressure (12.7−39.9 GPa).
图 4 TiO2总电阻随压力的变化关系
Figure 4. The change of resistance of TiO2 as a function of pressure.
图 5 TiO2晶界空间电荷势(
$\phi $ )随压力的变化关系Figure 5. The change of space charge potential (
$\phi $ ) of TiO2 as a function of pressure. -
[1] Langlet M, Burgos M, Coutier C, Jimenez C, Morant C, Manso M 2001 J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 22 139
Google Scholar
[2] Dubrovinsky L S, Dubrovinskaia N A, Swamy V, Muscat J, Harrison N M, Ahuja R, Holm B, Johansson B 2001 Nature 410 653
Google Scholar
[3] Goresy A E, Chen M, Dubrovinsky L, Gillet P, Graup G 2001 Science 293 1467
Google Scholar
[4] Hiroshi K, Monami Y, Meiko K, Yoshiyuki I, Daisuke M, Masak A 2018 Phys. Chem. Miner. 45 963
Google Scholar
[5] Arlt T, Bermejo M, Blanco M A, Gerward L, Jiang J Z, Staun O, Recio J M 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 14414
Google Scholar
[6] Dong Z H, Xiao F P, Zhao A K, Liu L J, Tsun-Kong S A, Song Y 2016 RSC Adv. 6 76142
Google Scholar
[7] Swamy V, Kuznetsov A, Dubrovinsky L S, Caruso R A, Shchukin D G, Muddle B C 2005 Phys. Rev. B 71 184302
Google Scholar
[8] Navrotsky A 2003 Geochem. Trans. 4 34
Google Scholar
[9] Mei Z G, Wang Y, Shang S L, Liu Z K 2011 Inorg. Chem. 50 6996
Google Scholar
[10] Varghese S, Muddle B C 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 035502
Google Scholar
[11] Zhang G, Wu B, Wang J, Zhang H, Liu H, Zhang J, Liu C, Gu G, Tian L, Ma Y, Gao C 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 2656
Google Scholar
[12] Li Y, Gao Y, Han Y, Liu C L, Peng G, Wang Q L, Ke F, Ma Y Z, Gao C X 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 142103
Google Scholar
[13] Qu T J, Liu C L, Yan H C, Han Y H, Wang Q L, Liu X Z, Ma Y Z, Gao C X 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 062105
Google Scholar
[14] 王月, 张凤霞, 王春杰, 高春晓 2014 63 216401
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Zhang F X, Wang C J, Gao C X 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 216401
Google Scholar
[15] Ohsaka T, Yamaoka S, Shimomura O 1979 Solid State Commun. 30 345
[16] Lagarec K, Desgreniers S 1995 Solid State Commun. 94 519
Google Scholar
[17] Olse J S, Gerward L, Jiang J 1999 J. Phys. Chem. Solids 60 229
Google Scholar
[18] Wang Q, Liu C, Han Y, Gao C, Ma Y 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 123904
Google Scholar
[19] Wang Q L, Varghese O, Grimes C A, Dickey E C 2007 Solid State Ionics 178 187
Google Scholar
[20] Wang Q, Lian G D, Dickey E C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 809
Google Scholar
[21] Al-Khatatbeh Y, Lee K M, Kiefer B 2009 Phys. Rev. B 79 134114
Google Scholar
[22] Sato H, Endo S, Sugiyama M, Kikegawa T, Shimomura O, Kusaba K 1991 Science 251 78
Google Scholar
[23] 曹楚南, 张鉴清 2002 电化学阻抗谱导论 (典藏版1) (北京: 科学出版社)第21页
Cao C N, Zhang J Q 2002 Introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Vol. 1) (Beijing: Science Press) p21 (in Chinese)
[24] Kliewer K, Koehler J 1965 Phys. Rev. A 140 1226
[25] Ikeda J A S, Chiang Y M 1993 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 76 2437
Google Scholar
[26] Fleig J, Rodewald S, Maier J 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 2372
Google Scholar
[27] Eshelby J D 1956 Solid. State. Phys. 3 79
Google Scholar
[28] Yan M F, Cannon R M, Bowen H K 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 764
Google Scholar
[29] Yan M F, Rhodes W W 1987 Materials Science Research (Vol. 21) (US: Springer) p519
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