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The coercivities in rare earth permanent magnets even with the same intrinsic properties may differ largely. In this paper, what determines the coercivity is discussed via the investigation of thermal activation in Pr-Fe-B ribbons prepared by melt-spinning method. The thermal activation, resulting from thermal fluctuation overcoming the energy barrier under the applied field, is the critical behavior of magnetization reversal. The activation size is comparable to the theoretical domain wall size, implying that the magnetization reversal undergoes the nucleation of revered domain wall at grain outer-layer in Pr-Fe-B ribbons, and the defects near the grain boundary are critical for the magnetization reversal and coercivity. The exchange coupling between the defect region at grain outer-layer and the perfect region in the inside of grain promotes the nucleation of reversed domain and the depinning of domain wall motion. The reduced anisotropy of the defect region also contributes to the overcoming of energy barrier of magneto crystallie anisotropy in the inside of Pr-Fe-B grains by the coupling effect, so the nucleation field of reversed domain and coercivity decrease largely, and the domain wall size is a little larger than the theoretical value due to the coupling between the defect region at grain outer-layer and the perfect region in the inside of grain in the critical magnetization reversal. In Pr2Fe14B/α-Fe composite magnets, the exchange coupling between the soft and hard magnetic phase leads the domain wall size to increase in the critical magnetization reversal of thermal activation, and so the exchange energy plays a role in overcoming the energy barrier, resulting in the further decrease of coercivity. Via the addition of Ti and Nb element, the coercivity increases significantly. Based on the investigation of thermal activation, the size of defect region involved in the domain wall decreases, and the contribution of the anisotropy in the defect region and interface to the overcoming of energy barrier is weakened, so the applied magnetic field should be increased in the magnetization reversal. The coercivity can be enhanced by reducing the size of defect region at grain outer-layer and by making the anisotropy change abruptly at the interface between the hard and soft magnetic phase.
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Keywords:
- permanent magnets /
- coercivity /
- domain wall /
- defect
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图 1 样品粉末的X射线衍射谱
Figure 1. The X-ray diffraction patterns of powders for the samples.
图 2 样品在温度300 K的磁滞回线
Figure 2. The hysterisis loops of the samples at temperature of 300 K.
图 3 样品的
${\mu _0}{H_{\rm{c}}}/{J_{\rm{s}}}$ 与${\mu _0}H_{\rm{N}}^{{\rm{min}}}/{J_{\rm{s}}}$ 之间的关系Figure 3. The dependences of
${\mu _0}{H_{\rm{c}}}/{J_{\rm{s}}}$ on${\mu _0}H_{\rm{N}}^{{\rm{min}}}/{J_{\rm{s}}}$ for all samples.
图 4 温度300 K磁场保持1200 s样品的热激活后的磁行为, 插图为热激活不可逆过程的激活尺寸和理论磁畴壁尺寸
Figure 4. The magnetization behaviors of thermal activation for 1200 s of waiting time at temperature of 300 K, and the inset shows the activation size of thermal activation and the ideal domain wall size.
图 5 样品在温度300 K的
${\text{δ}} m$ 曲线(Henkel点)Figure 5.
${\text{δ}} m$ curves (Henkel plots) for the samples at temperature of 300 K. -
[1] Herbst J F 1991 Rev. Mod. Phys. 63 819
Google Scholar
[2] Kou X C, Kronmüller H, Givord D, Rossignol M F 1994 Phys. Rev. B 50 3849
Google Scholar
[3] Zhao G P, Zhao M G, Lim H S, Feng Y P, Ong C K 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 162513
Google Scholar
[4] Zhang H W, Rong C B, Zhang J, Zhang S Y, Shen B G 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 184436
Google Scholar
[5] Kronmüller H 1987 Phys. Stat. Sol. B 144 385
Google Scholar
[6] Sepehri-Amin H, Ohkubo T, Shima T, Hono K 2012 Acta Mater. 60 819
Google Scholar
[7] Chen S L, Liu W, Zhang Z D 2005 Phys. Rev. B 72 224419
Google Scholar
[8] Yue M, Liu W Q, Zhang D T, Jian Z G, Cao A L, Zhang J X 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 092501
Google Scholar
[9] Givord D, Tenaud P, Viadieu T 1988 IEEE Trans. Magn. 24 1921
Google Scholar
[10] Gao R W, Zhang D H, Li H, Jiang S T, Zhou S Z, Li F B, Zhang L D 1995 J. Appl. Phys. 78 1156
Google Scholar
[11] Zhao G P, Wang X L, Yang C, Xie L H, Zhou G 2007 J. Appl. Phys. 101 09K102
Google Scholar
[12] Givord D, Rossignol M, Barthem V M T S 2003 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 258-259 1
[13] Li Z B, Shen B G, Niu E, Sun J R 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 062405
Google Scholar
[14] Kronmüller H, Durst K D, Sagawa M 1988 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 74 291
Google Scholar
[15] Wohlfarth E P 1984 J. Phys. F: Met. Phys. 14 L155
Google Scholar
[16] 张宏伟, 荣传兵, 张健, 张绍英, 沈保根 2003 52 722
Google Scholar
Zhang H W, Rong C B, Zhang J, Zhang S Y, Shen B G 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 722
Google Scholar
[17] Li Z B, Shen B G, Niu E, Liu R M, Zhang M, Sun J R 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 117503
Google Scholar
[18] Li Z B, Zhang Y, Shen B G, Zhang M, Hu F X, Sun J R 2017 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 422 249
Google Scholar
[19] Bauer J, Seeger M, Zern A, Kronmüller H 1996 J. Appl. Phys. 80 1667
Google Scholar
[20] Zhang H W, Rong C B, Du X B, Zhang S Y, Shen B G 2004 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 278 127
Google Scholar
[21] Kronmüller H, Fahnle M 2003 Micromagnetism and the Microstructure of Ferromagnetic Solids (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) p420
[22] Zhang H W, Zhang S Y, Shen B G, Goll D, Kronmüller H 2001 Chin. Phys. 10 1169
Google Scholar
[23] Li Z B, Shen B G, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Hu F X, Sun J R 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 042403
Google Scholar
[24] 张宏伟, 张文勇, 阎阿儒, 沈保根 1999 48 211
Zhang H W, Zhang W Y, Yan A R, Shen B G 1999 Acta Phys. Sin. 48 211
[25] Li H L, Lou L, Hou F C, Guo D F, Li W, Li X H, Gunderov D V, Sato K, Zhang X Y 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 142406
Google Scholar
[26] Seeger M, Köhler D, Kronmüller H 1994 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 130 165
Google Scholar
[27] Liu W, Liu X H, Cui W B, Gong W J, Zhang Z D 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 027104
Google Scholar
[28] Zhang J, Takahashi Y K, Gopalan R, Hono K 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 122509
Google Scholar
[29] Si W J, Zhao G P, Ran N, Peng Y, Morvan F J, Wan X L 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 16212
Google Scholar
[30] Cui W B, Takahashi Y K, Hono K 2012 Adv. Mater. 24 6530
Google Scholar
[31] Kelly P E, O’Grady K, Mayo P I, Chantrell R W 1989 IEEE Trans. Magn. 25 3881
Google Scholar
[32] Choi Y, Jiang J S, Ding Y, Rosenberg R A, Pearson J E, Bader S D, Zambano A, Murakami M, Takeuchi I, Wang Z L, Liu J P 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 104432
Google Scholar
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