Measurement of coercivity of soft magnetic materials in open magnetic circuit by pump-probe rubidium atomic magnetometer

Miao Pei-Xian; Wang Tao; Shi Yan-Chao; Gao Cun-Xu; Cai Zhi-Wei; Chai Guo-Zhi; Chen Da-Yong; Wang Jian-Bo

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20221618

Abstract

We report an experimental device and method of measuring the coercivity of soft magnetic material in an open magnetic circuit by using a pump-probe rubidium atomic magnetometer. The experimental device consists of a background magnetic field generation module, a pump-probe atomic magnetometer, a soft magnetic material magnetization and demagnetization module, and a software in a computer. The uniform background magnetic field ranging from 200 nT to 20000 nT along the z-axis at the rubidium bubble’s position is generated by a current carrying coil which is placed in a five-layer magnetic shielding cylinder. The saturation magnetization and demagnetization of soft magnetic material are realized by the soft magnetic sample magnetization and demagnetization module, respectively, which consists of a sample chamber, a soft magnetic sample, a magnetizing coil, a precision current source and a sample transfer rod. The sample chamber is placed in the magnetic field uniform area of the magnetizing coil which is placed in the magnetic shielding cylinder, and the sample transfer rod is used to transfer the soft magnetic sample into the center of the magnetizing coil. Both the rubidium bubble and the soft magnetic sample are placed on the z-axis of the magnetic shielding cylinder, and their distance is greater than or equal to 10 cm. The axis of the magnetizing coil coincides with the axis of the magnetic shielding cylinder, which ensures that the background magnetic field, the magnetic field generated by the magnetizing coil, and the magnetic field generated by the soft magnetic sample at the rubidium bubble’s position are all parallel to the axis direction of the magnetic shielding cylinder. The software in the computer realizes the magnetization and demagnetization of the soft magnetic sample by controlling the current output by the precision current source to the magnetizing coil, and also controls the pump-probe atomic magnetometer to measure the magnetic field at the rubidium bubble’s position. When the soft magnetic sample is magnetized or demagnetized in cycles, the magnetic field generated by the soft magnetic sample at the rubidium bubble’s position is obtained by subtracting the magnetic field value measured in advance when the sample is not placed in the sample chamber from the magnetic field value measured at same current value when the sample is placed in the sample chamber. Note that the sample does not move during the hysteresis loop measurement. When the magnetization of the soft magnetic sample decreases from the saturation value to zero, the magnetic field generated by the soft magnetic sample at the rubidium bubble’s position is zero, and the average coercivity of the sample can be calculated from the hysteresis loop.We use a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), a pump-detection rubidium atomic magnetometer and a Hall probe to measure the coercivity of the same permalloy strip sample, the average coercivities are 42.15 A/m, 40.632 A/m and 38.64 A/m, the biases of the hysteresis loops are 229.74 A/m, –0.95 A/m and –52.88 A/m, and the times of each measurement cycle are 9639 s, 1144 s, and 1630 s, respectively. The reproducibility of ten repeated measurements by using the pump-probe atomic magnetometer, expressed as relative standard deviation, is 0.16%, which is an order of magnitude higher than the counterparts from the methods described in China’s national standards GB/T 3656-2008 and GB/T 13888-2009. The accumulated drift of the biases of ten hysteresis loops measured by the pump-probe atomic magnetometer is 0.3 A/m. Based on the above experimental results, the coercivity measurement method by using the pump-probe atomic magnetometer has the advantages of no zero-point drift, good repeatability, fast measurement speed, and in-situ measurement, and has the potential applications in the basic research field and industrial field of magnetism.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Corresponding author: Miao Pei-Xian, miaopeixian@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the Key R&D Program of Gansu Province of China (Grant No. 20YF3GA001) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12104198).

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References

[1]	何峻, 赵栋梁 2015 金属功能材料 22 1 Google Scholar He J, Zhao D L 2015 Metal. Funct. Mater. 22 1 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 测量软磁样品矫顽力的实验装置示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of experimental device for measuring the coercivity of soft magnetic sample.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 软磁样品及其磁滞回线　(a)坡莫合金带; (b)用SQUID测量的磁滞回线

Figure 2. Soft magnetic sample and its hysteresis loop: (a) Permalloy ribbon; (b) hysteresis loop measured by superconducting quantum interference device.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 在开磁路中利用抽运-检测型原子磁力仪测量软磁样品的矫顽力的实验结果　(a)用抽运-检测型原子磁力仪测量的数据曲线; (b)软磁样品的磁滞回线; (c)软磁样品的矫顽力; (d)磁滞回线的偏置

Figure 3. Experimental results of measuring the coercivity of a soft magnetic sample in an open magnetic circuit by a pump-probe atomic magnetometer: (a) Curves measured by the pump-probe atomic magnetometer; (b) hysteresis loops of the soft magnetic sample; (c) coercivity of the soft magnetic sample; (d) bias of the hysteresis loop.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 在开磁路中利用霍尔探头测量软磁样品矫顽力的实验结果　(a)测量装置示意图; (b)用霍尔探头测量的磁滞回线; (c)软磁样品的矫顽力; (d)磁滞回线的偏置

Figure 4. Experimental results of measuring the coercivity of a soft magnetic sample in an open magnetic circuit by a Hall probe: (a) Schematic diagram of experimental device; (b) hysteresis loops measured by the Hall probe; (c) coercivity of the soft magnetic sample; (d) bias of the hysteresis loop.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 3种磁强计分别测量软磁样品矫顽力时的磁场扫描过程　(a) SQUID; (b)抽运-检测型原子磁力仪; (c)霍尔探头

Figure 5. Magnetic field scanning process when three kinds of magnetometers measure the coercivity of soft magnetic sample respectively: (a) Superconducting quantum interference device; (b) pump-probe atomic magnetometer; (c) Hall probe.

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map

[1]	何峻, 赵栋梁 2015 金属功能材料 22 1 Google Scholar He J, Zhao D L 2015 Metal. Funct. Mater. 22 1 Google Scholar
[2]	陈海英 2000 现代仪器 6 5 Google Scholar Chen H Y 2000 Modern Instruments 6 5 Google Scholar
[3]	张焱, 高政祥, 高进曹立志 2003 现代仪器 9 36 Google Scholar Zhang Y, Gao Z X, Gao J, Cao L Z 2003 Modern Instruments 9 36 Google Scholar
[4]	于红云 2014 63 047502 Google Scholar Yu H Y 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 047502 Google Scholar
[5]	GB/T 3656—2008 软磁材料矫顽力的抛移测量方法第3页 GB/T 3656—2008 Method of Coercivity Measurement for Magnetically Soft Materials by Pull out Procedure p3 (in Chinese)
[6]	GB/T 13888—2009/IEC 60404-7—1982 在开磁路中测量磁性材料矫顽力的方法第2—4页 GB/T 13888—2009/IEC 60404-7—1982 Method of Measurehment of the Coercivity of Magnetic Materials in an Open Magnetic Circuit pp2–4 (in Chinese)
[7]	GB/T 13012—2008/IEC 60404-4—2000 软磁材料直流磁性能的测量方法第1—18页 GB/T 13012—2008/IEC 60404-4—2000 Methods of Measurement of d. c. Magnetic Properties of Magnetically Soft Materials pp1–18 (in Chinese)
[8]	YB/T 5251—2013 软磁合金带卷绕环形铁芯第7页 YB/T 5251—2013 Magnetic Cores Wound with Soft Magnetic Alloy Strips p7 (in Chinese)
[9]	王春梅, 赵振杰, 阮建中, 李赫, 沈国土 2016 物理实验 36 13 Google Scholar Wang C M, Zhao Z J, Ruan J Z, Li H, Shen G T 2016 Phys. Experiment. 36 13 Google Scholar
[10]	Allred J C, Lyman R N, Kornack T W, Romalis M V 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 130801 Google Scholar
[11]	Kominis I K, Kornack T W, Allred J C, Romailis M V 2003 Nature 422 596 Google Scholar
[12]	Dang H B, Maloof A C, Romalis M V 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 151110 Google Scholar
[13]	Master D, Pandey S, Ring H, Ledbetter M P, Knappe S, Kitching J, Budker D 2011 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82 086112 Google Scholar
[14]	Xu S, Donaldson M H, Pines A, Rochester S M, Budker D, Yashchuk V V 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 224105 Google Scholar
[15]	Xu S, Yashchuk V V, Donaldson M H, Rochester S M, Budker D, Pines A 2006 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 12668 Google Scholar
[16]	Johnson C, Adolphi N L, Butler K L, Lovato D M, Larson R, Schwindt P D D, Flynn E R 2012 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 2613 Google Scholar
[17]	Kim Y J, Savukov I, Huang J H, Nath P 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 043702 Google Scholar
[18]	Colombo S, Lebedev V, Grujic Z D, Dolgovskiy V, Weis A 2016 Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag. 2 1604001 Google Scholar
[19]	Miao P X, Zheng W Q, Yang S Y, Wu B, Cheng B, Tu J H, Ke H L, Yang W, Wang J, Cui J Z, Lin Q 2019 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36 819 Google Scholar
[20]	缪培贤, 杨世宇, 王剑祥, 廉吉庆, 涂建辉, 杨炜, 崔敬忠 2017 66 160701 Google Scholar Miao P X, Yang S Y, Wang J X, Lian J Q, Tu J H, Yang W, Cui J Z 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 160701 Google Scholar
[21]	缪培贤, 杨世宇, 崔敬忠, 刘志栋 2020 真空与低温 26 494 Google Scholar Miao P X, Yang S Y, Cui J Z, Liu Z D 2020 Vac. Cryogen. 26 494 Google Scholar
[22]	陈大勇, 缪培贤, 史彦超, 崔敬忠, 刘志栋, 陈江, 王宽 2022 71 024202 Google Scholar Chen D Y, Miao P X, Shi Y C, Cui J Z, Liu Z D, Chen J, Wang K 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 024202 Google Scholar
[23]	杨宝, 缪培贤, 史彦超, 冯浩, 张金海, 崔敬忠, 刘志栋 2020 中国激光 47 1012001 Google Scholar Yang B, Miao P X, Shi Y C, Feng H, Zhang J H, Cui J Z, Liu Z D 2020 Chin. J. Lasers 47 1012001 Google Scholar
[24]	缪培贤 2022 真空与低温 28 592 Google Scholar Miao P X 2022 Vac. Cryogen. 28 592 Google Scholar
[25]	李东辉 2020 硕士学位论文 (南京: 东南大学) Li D H 2020 M. S. Thesis (Nanjing: Southeast University) (in Chinese)

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