Research progress of imaging technologies based on electromagnetic metasurfaces

Fan Qing-Bin; Xu Ting

doi:10.7498/aps.66.144208

Abstract

Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificial structures engineered on a subwavelength scale to have optical properties that are not observed in their constituent materials and may not be found in nature either, such as negative refractive index. They have enabled unprecedented flexibility in manipulating light waves and producing various novel optical functionalities. Since the beginning of this century, with the development of nanofabrication and characterization technologies, there has been aroused a tremendous growing interest in the study of electromagnetic metamaterials and their potential applications in different fields including super-resolution imaging, optical biosensing, electromagnetic cloaking, photonic circuits and data storage. Electromagnetic metasurfaces are two-dimensional metamaterials composed of subwavelength planar building blocks. Although metasurfaces sacrifice some functionalities compared with their bulk counterparts, they provide us with distinct possibility to fully control light wave with ultrathin planar structures. Based on Huygens principle, the metasurfaces are able to arbitrarily manipulate the phases, amplitudes or polarizations of optical waves. For example, metasurfaces made of gold nanoantenna-arrays are able to create phase discontinuities for light propagating through the interfaces and drastically change the flows of reflected and refracted light at infrared frequencies. Comparing traditional dielectric optic elements, the thickness values of metasurface-based optical devices are much smaller. In addition to the control of free-space incident light, metasurfaces can also be used to precisely control and manipulate surface electromagnetic waves. In this review, we introduce the generalized Snell's law and the fundamental principles to modulate phase by using metasurfaces. Research progress of a variety of imaging technologies based on metasurfaces is then presented, including plasmonic metasurface, all-dielectric metasurface and metal/insulator hybrid metasurface. Finally, we summarize several frontier problems associated with metasurface, which maybe provide some references for the future researches and applications.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Corresponding author: Xu Ting, xuting@nju.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61575092) and the Key Research and Development Program from Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0202100).

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[49]	Yang Y, Wang W, Moitra P, Kravchenko I I, Briggs D P, Valentine J 2014 Nano Lett. 14 1394
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[51]	Wang J F, Qu S B, Ma H, Xu Z, Zhang A X, Zhou H, Chen H Y, Li Y F 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 201104
[52]	Liu Y M, Zhang X 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 141101
[53]	Estakhri N M, Al A 2016 Phys. Rev. X 6 041008
[54]	Zhao Y, Al A 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 205428
[55]	Pors A, Bozhevolnyi S I 2013 Opt. Express 21 27438
[56]	Li Z, Palacios E, Butun S, Aydin K 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1615
[57]	Ee H S, Agarwal R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 2818
[58]	Chen K, Feng Y, Monticone F, Zhao J, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X, Zhang S, Al A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 160 6422
[59]	Fan Q B, Wang D P, Huo P C, Zhang Z J, Liang Y Z, Xu T 2017 Opt. Express 25 9285
[60]	Sautter J, Staude I, Decker M, Rusak E, Neshev D N, Brener I, Kivshar Y S 2015 ACS Nano 9 4308
[61]	Zhan A, Colburn S, Trivedi R, Fryeet T K, Dodson C M, Majumdar A 2016 ACS Photon. 3 209
[62]	Devlin R C, Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Oh J, Capasso F 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 10473
[63]	Chen W T, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Huang Y W, Sun G, Chiang I D, Liao C Y, Hsu W L, Lin H T, Sun S, Zhou L, Liu A Q, Tsai D P 2014 Nano Lett. 14 225
[64]	Yu Y F, Zhu A Y, Fu Y H 2015 Laser Photon. Rev. 9 412
[65]	Luo X G 2015 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 58 594201
[66]	Kamali S M, Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Horie Y, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11618
[67]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Zhu A Y, Oh J, Devlin R C, Rousso D, Capasso F 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7229
[68]	Lin D, Fan P, Hasman E, Brongersma M L 2014 Science 345 6194
[69]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Ball A J, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7069
[70]	Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Kamali S M, Yu H, Faraon A 2016 Optica 3 628
[71]	Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Kamali S M, Horie Y, Han S, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13682
[72]	Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Zhu A, Chen W T, Sanjeev V, Capasso F 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1819
[73]	Fan Q B, Huo P C, Wang D P, Liang Y Z, Yan F, Xu T 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 45044
[74]	Bokor N, Davidson N 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 5906
[75]	Buralli D A, Morris G M 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3950

Cited By

[1]	Veselago V G 1968 Sov. Phys. Usp. 10 509
[2]	Pendry J B 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3966
[3]	Vodo P, Lu W T, Sridhar S 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 201108
[4]	Parazzoli C G, Grcegor R B, Niclsen J A, Thompson M A, Li K, Vetter A M, Vier D C 2004 Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 3232
[5]	Xu T, Agrawal A, Abashin M, Chau K J, Lezec H J 2013 Nature 497 470
[6]	Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 6054
[7]	Ni X, Emani N K, Kildishev A V, Boltasseva A, Shalaev V M 2012 Science 335 6067
[8]	Sun S, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Juan T K, Chen W T, Liao C Y, He Q, Xiao S, Kung W T, Guo G Y, Zhou L, Tsai D P 2012 Nano Lett. 12 6223
[9]	Ni X, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2807
[10]	Wen D D, Yue F Y, Li G X, Zheng G X, Chan K L, Chen S M, Chen M, Li K F, Wong P W H, Cheah K W, Yue Bun Pun E, Zhang S, Chen X Z 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 8241
[11]	Pu M B, Li X, Ma X L, Wang Y Q, Zhao Z Y, Wang C T, Hu C G, Gao P, Huang C, Ren H R, Li X P, Qin F, Yang J, Gu M, Hong M H, Luo X G 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1500396
[12]	Guo Y H, Pu M B, Zhao Z Y, Wang Y Q, Jin J J, Gao P, Li X, Ma X L, Luo X G 2016 ACS Photon. 3 2022
[13]	Zhang X Q, Tian Z, Yue W S, Gu J Q, Zhang S, Han J G, Zhang W L 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 4567
[14]	Xu T, Wang C T, Du C L, Luo X G 2008 Opt. Express 16 4753
[15]	Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Yu N, Blanchard R, Gaburro Z, Capasso F 2012 Nano Lett. 12 1702
[16]	Bosiljevac M, Casaletti M, Caminita F, Sipus Z, Maci S 2012 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 60 4065
[17]	Wan X, Jiang W X, Ma H F, Cui T J 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 151601
[18]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Devlin R C, Oh J, Zhu A Y, Capasso F 2016 Science 352 6290
[19]	Chen X Z, Huang L L, Mhlenbernd H, Li G X, Bai B F, Tan Q F, Jin G F, Qiu C W, Zhang S, Zentgraf T 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 1198
[20]	Farmahini-Farahani M, Mosallaei H 2013 Opt. Lett. 38 462
[21]	Roxworthy B J, Bhuiya A M, Yu X, Chow E K, Toussaint Jr K C 2014 Nat. Commun. 5 4427
[22]	Pfeiffer C, Grbic A 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 197401
[23]	Kats M A, Yu N, Genevet P, Gaburro Z, Capasso F 2011 Opt. Express 19 21748
[24]	Hardy W N, Whitehead L A 1981 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52 213
[25]	Genevet P, Capasso F, Aieta F, Khorasaninejad M, Devlin R 2017 Optica 4 139
[26]	Decker M, Staude I, Falkner M, Dominguez J, Neshev D N, Brener I, Pertsch T, Kivshar Y S 2015 Adv. Opt. Mater. 3 813
[27]	Aieta F，Kats M A, Genevet P, Capasso F 2015 Science 347 6228
[28]	Chen W, Zhu A, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Sanjeev V, Capasso F 2017 Nano Lett. 17 3188
[29]	Zheng G, Mhlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 308
[30]	Zhao W Y, Jiang H, Liu B Y, Song J, Jiang Y 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 181102
[31]	Liu C B, Bai Y, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Chen H S, Zhou J, Qiao L J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 34819
[32]	Mueller J P B, Rubin N A, Devlin R C, Groever B, Capasso F 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 113901
[33]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 937
[34]	Byrnes S J, Lenef A, Aieta F, Capasso F 2015 Opt. Express 24 5110
[35]	Yang Q, Gu J, Wang D, Zhang X, Tian Z, Ouyang C, Singh R, Han J, Zhang W 2014 Opt. Express 22 25931
[36]	Zhang S, Kim M H, Aieta F, Yu N, Capasso F 2016 Opt. Express 24 18024
[37]	Mohammadreza K, Francesco A, Pritpal K, Kats M A, Genevet P, Rousso D, Capasso F 2015 Nano Lett. 15 5358
[38]	Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M, Capasso F 2013 Opt. Express 21 31530
[39]	West P R, Stewart J L, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M, Shkunov V V, Strohkendl Y A, Dodds R K, Byren R 2014 Opt. Express 22 26212
[40]	Cheng J, Jafarzanjani S, Mosallaei H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 38440
[41]	Li X, Xiao S Y, Cai B G, He Q, Cui T J, Zhou L 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 4940
[42]	Li T, Wang S S, Zhang X L, Deng Z L, Hang Z H, Sun H B, Wang G P 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 251107
[43]	Ma W, Jia D L, Yu X M, Feng Y, Zhao Y J 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 071111
[44]	Pors A, Nielsen M G, Eriksen R L, Bozhevolnyi S I 2013 Nano Lett. 13 829
[45]	Mehmood M Q, Mei S, Hussain S, Huang K, Siew S, Zhang T, Ling X, Liu H, Teng J, Danner A, Zhang S, Qiu C W 2015 Adv. Mater. 28 2533
[46]	Zhao Z Y, Pu M B, Gao H, Jin J J, Li X, Ma X, Wang Y, Gao P, Luo X G 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 15781
[47]	Ni X, Ishii S, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M 2013 Light: Sci. Appl. 2 e72
[48]	Sun S L, He Q, Xiao S Y, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 426
[49]	Yang Y, Wang W, Moitra P, Kravchenko I I, Briggs D P, Valentine J 2014 Nano Lett. 14 1394
[50]	Ni X, Wong Z J, Mrejen M, Wang Y, Zhang X 2015 Science 349 6254
[51]	Wang J F, Qu S B, Ma H, Xu Z, Zhang A X, Zhou H, Chen H Y, Li Y F 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 201104
[52]	Liu Y M, Zhang X 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 141101
[53]	Estakhri N M, Al A 2016 Phys. Rev. X 6 041008
[54]	Zhao Y, Al A 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 205428
[55]	Pors A, Bozhevolnyi S I 2013 Opt. Express 21 27438
[56]	Li Z, Palacios E, Butun S, Aydin K 2015 Nano Lett. 15 1615
[57]	Ee H S, Agarwal R 2016 Nano Lett. 16 2818
[58]	Chen K, Feng Y, Monticone F, Zhao J, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X, Zhang S, Al A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 160 6422
[59]	Fan Q B, Wang D P, Huo P C, Zhang Z J, Liang Y Z, Xu T 2017 Opt. Express 25 9285
[60]	Sautter J, Staude I, Decker M, Rusak E, Neshev D N, Brener I, Kivshar Y S 2015 ACS Nano 9 4308
[61]	Zhan A, Colburn S, Trivedi R, Fryeet T K, Dodson C M, Majumdar A 2016 ACS Photon. 3 209
[62]	Devlin R C, Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Oh J, Capasso F 2016 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113 10473
[63]	Chen W T, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Huang Y W, Sun G, Chiang I D, Liao C Y, Hsu W L, Lin H T, Sun S, Zhou L, Liu A Q, Tsai D P 2014 Nano Lett. 14 225
[64]	Yu Y F, Zhu A Y, Fu Y H 2015 Laser Photon. Rev. 9 412
[65]	Luo X G 2015 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 58 594201
[66]	Kamali S M, Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Horie Y, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11618
[67]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Zhu A Y, Oh J, Devlin R C, Rousso D, Capasso F 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7229
[68]	Lin D, Fan P, Hasman E, Brongersma M L 2014 Science 345 6194
[69]	Arbabi A, Horie Y, Ball A J, Bagheri M, Faraon A 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 7069
[70]	Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Kamali S M, Yu H, Faraon A 2016 Optica 3 628
[71]	Arbabi A, Arbabi E, Kamali S M, Horie Y, Han S, Faraon A 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 13682
[72]	Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Zhu A, Chen W T, Sanjeev V, Capasso F 2017 Nano Lett. 17 1819
[73]	Fan Q B, Huo P C, Wang D P, Liang Y Z, Yan F, Xu T 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 45044
[74]	Bokor N, Davidson N 2001 Appl. Opt. 40 5906
[75]	Buralli D A, Morris G M 1989 Appl. Opt. 28 3950

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Vol. 66, Issue 14 - 2017-07-20

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